Mobile desalination plants and systems, and methods for producing desalinated water

ABSTRACT

Systems, methods, and apparatus for desalinating water are provided. A vessel includes a water intake system, a reverse osmosis system, a concentrate discharge system, a permeate transfer system, a power source, and a control system. The concentrate discharge system includes a plurality of concentrate discharge ports.

CLAIM FOR PRIORITY

[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 10/630,351, filed Jul. 30, 2003, which claimspriority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/416,907, filed Oct. 8,2002, and to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/453,206, filed Jun. 3,2003, and converted to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/505,341, onJul. 14, 2003, the priority benefit each of which is claimed by thisapplication, and each of which is incorporated in its entirety herein byreference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention relates to systems, methods and apparatusfor providing filtered water. Embodiments include systems, methods andapparatus for water desalination and purification including the removalof dissolved solids and contaminants from sea water and brackish water.Systems of the present invention may be advantageously utilized toprovide potable, or otherwise purified water, from a seawater orbrackish water source.

BACKGROUND

[0003] The antiquity of water supply systems is well established. Thepractice of water treatment dates back to at least 2000 B.C., whenSanskrit writings on medical lore recommended storage of water in coppervessels, exposure of water to sunlight, filtering through charcoal, andboiling of foul water for the purpose of making water drinkable.

[0004] Later, two significant advancements helped to establish drinkingwater treatment. In 1685, the Italian physician Lu Antonio Porziodesigned the first multiple-stage filter. Prior to that, in 1680, themicroscope was developed by Anton Van Leeuwenhoek. With the discovery ofthe microscope enabling the detection of microorganisms and the abilityto filter out these microorganisms, the first water-filtering facilitywas built in the town of Paisley, Scotland, in 1804 by John Gibb. Withinthree years, filtered water was piped directly to customers in Glasgow,Scotland.

[0005] In 1806, a large water treatment plant began operating in Pariswith filters made of sand and charcoal, which had to be renewed everysix hours. Pumps were driven by horses working in three shifts. Waterwas then settled for twelve hours before filtration.

[0006] In the 1870's, Dr. Robert Koch and Dr. Joseph Lister demonstratedthat microorganisms existing in water supplies can cause disease, andthen began the quest for effective ways to treat raw water. In 1906, ineastern France, ozone was first used as a disinfectant. A few yearslater, in the United States, the Jersey City waterworks in 1908 becamethe first utility in America to use sodium hypochlorite for disinfectingthe water supply. Also, in that same year, the Bubbly Creek Plant inChicago, Ill., instituted chlorine disinfectant. Over the next severaldecades, work began on improving the efficiency of filtration anddisinfectant.

[0007] By the 1920's, the filtration technology had evolved so thatpure, clean, bacteria free, sediment free, and particulate free waterwas available. During World War II, Allied military forces operated inarid areas and began ocean water desalination in order to supply troopswith fresh drinking water. In 1942, the U.S. Public Health Serviceadopted the first set of drinking water standards, and the membranefilter process for bacteriological analysis was approved in 1957.

[0008] By the early 1960's, more than 19,000 municipal water systemswere in operation throughout the United States. With the 1974 enactmentof the Safe Drinking Water Act, the federal government, the publichealth community and water utilities worked together to provide securewater production for the United States.

[0009] The world has a shortage of potable water for drinking and waterfor agricultural, irrigation, and industrial use. In some parts of theworld, prolonged drought and chronic water shortages have slowedeconomic growth and may eventually cause the abandonment of certainpopulation centers. In other parts of the world, an abundance of freshwater exists, but the water is contaminated with pollution such aschemicals from industrial sources and from agricultural practices.

[0010] The world faces severe challenges in our ability to meet ourfuture water needs. Today there are over 300 million people living inareas with severe water shortages. That number is expected to increaseto 3 billion by 2025. About 9,500 children die around the world each daybecause of poor quality drinking water according to United Nationsreports. The population growth has increased the demand on drinkingwater supplies, while the available water, world wide, has not changed.In the coming decades, in addition to improving water reuse efficiencyand promoting water conservation, we will need to make additional waterresources at a cost and in a manner that supports urban, rural andagricultural prosperity and environmental protection.

[0011] There has been a 300 percent increase in water use over the past50 years. Every continent is experiencing falling water tables,particularly on the southern Great Plains and the Southwest in theUnited States, and in North Africa, Southern Europe, the entire MiddleEast, Southeastern Asia, China and elsewhere.

[0012] Evaporation and reverse osmosis are two common methods to producepotable water from sea water or brackish water. Evaporation methodsinvolve heating sea water or brackish water, condensing the water vaporproduced, and isolating the distillate. Reverse osmosis is a membraneprocess in which solutions are desalted or purified using relativelyhigh hydraulic pressure as the driving force. The salt ions or othercontaminants are excluded or rejected by the reverse osmosis membranewhile pure water is forced through the membrane. Reverse osmosis canremove approximately 95% to approximately 99% of the dissolved salts,silica, colloids, biological materials, pollution, and othercontaminants in water.

[0013] The only inexhaustible supply of water is the sea. Thedesalination of sea water using a land-based plant in quantities largeenough to supply a major population center or large scale irrigationprojects presents many problems. Land-based plants that desalinate seawater through evaporation methods consume enormous amounts of energy.

[0014] Land-based plants that desalinate water through reverse osmosismethods generate enormous quantities of effluent comprising thedissolved solids removed from the sea water. This effluent, alsoreferred to as concentrate, has such a high concentration of salts, suchas sodium chloride, sodium bromide, etc., and other dissolved solidsthat simply discharging the concentrate into the waters surrounding aland-based desalination plant would eventually kill the surroundingmarine life and damage the ecosystem. In addition, the concentrate thatemerges from conventional land based reverse osmosis desalination plantshas a density greater than sea water, and hence, the concentrate sinksand does not quickly mix when conventionally discharged directly intothe water surrounding a land-based plant.

[0015] Even if the health of the marine life and ecosystem surrounding aland-based reverse osmosis desalination plant was not a concern,discharging the concentrate into the water surrounding the land-basedplant would eventually raise the salinity of the intake water for theplant and foul the membranes of the reverse osmosis system. If amembrane in a reverse osmosis system is heavily fouled, it must beremoved and treated to eliminate the fouling material. In extreme cases,the fouling material cannot be removed, and the membrane is discarded.

[0016] As a result of all of these factors, potable water produced fromland-based reverse osmosis desalination plants is costly and presentssignificant engineering problems for disposing of the effluent. Hence,despite the world's shortage of potable water, only a small percentageof the world's water is produced by the desalination or purification ofwater using reverse osmosis methods. Therefore, the need exists for amethod and system to consistently and reliably supply potable waterusing desalination technology that does not present the engineering andenvironmental problems that a conventional land-based desalination plantpresents.

[0017] Known ship-board water desalination systems are designed andoperated for ship-board consumption of water, and thus are designed andoperated according to various maritime standards. Maritime standards forwater desalination systems and plants and water quality are lessstringent than the standards governing the design and operation ofland-based desalination plants and systems, especially those promulgatedby the United States, United Nations, and World Health Organization.With the world's increasing shortage of potable water, a need exists toalleviate this shortage. Therefore, there is a demonstrable need formethods and systems that can be utilized at sea to provide desalinatedwater for land-based consumption. Moreover, the desalinated waterproduced at sea can be stored, maintained, and transported in a mannerconsistent with those regulations and standards governing the design andoperation of land-based water desalination plants and systems.

SUMMARY

[0018] The present invention overcomes the aforementioned disadvantagesof the prior art and provides systems, apparatus and methods forproviding water. A system of the present invention may be advantageouslyutilized to provide potable water, drinking water, and/or water forindustrial uses.

[0019] Systems of the present invention comprise a vessel. The vesselincludes systems, methods and apparatus for purifying and/ordesalinating the water on which the vessel floats, including brackishand/or polluted sea, lake, river, sound, bay, estuary, lagoon water,etc. Water produced on the vessel may be delivered to land through theuse of transport vessels, pipes, transfer ports and the like. The watermay be transferred in bulk form and/or may be packaged in containersprior to transport. The water may be stored on the production vessel,accompanying vessels, and/or other storage means prior to transport toland.

[0020] Methods of the present invention include vessel production ofwater, including potable water or water suitable for residential,industrial, or agricultural uses, on the vessel and subsequenttransportation of the water to land. The methods may further comprisestorage and/or packaging of the water.

[0021] Apparatus of the present invention include the vessel andassociated apparatus for producing, transporting, storing, refreshing,and/or packaging the water. Embodiments of apparatus of the presentinvention are described in detail herein. Systems and methods of thepresent invention may employ an apparatus of the present inventionand/or may utilize other apparatus or equipment.

[0022] Embodiments of the present invention may take a wide variety offorms. In one exemplary embodiment, a vessel includes a water intakesystem, a reverse osmosis system, a concentrate discharge system, apermeate transfer system, a power source, and a control system. Thewater intake system includes a water intake and a water intake pump. Thereverse osmosis system includes a high pressure pump and a reverseosmosis membrane. The concentrate discharge system includes a pluralityof concentrate discharge ports. The permeate transfer system includes atransfer pump. The reverse osmosis system is in communication with thewater intake system. The concentrate discharge system and the permeatetransfer system are in communication with the reverse osmosis system.The power source is in communication with the pumps of the water intakesystem, the reverse osmosis system, and the permeate transfer system.The control system is in communication with the water intake system, thereverse osmosis system, the concentrate system, the permeate transfersystem, and the power source.

[0023] In a further exemplary embodiment, a method of producing permeateon a floating structure includes the production of a concentrate that isdischarged into the surrounding water. The concentrate is dischargedthrough a concentrate discharge system that includes a plurality ofconcentrate discharge ports.

[0024] In another exemplary embodiment, a system includes a first vesselhaving means for producing a permeate and means for mixing a concentratewith seawater and means for delivering the permeate from the firstvessel to a land-based distribution system.

[0025] In another exemplary embodiment, a system for providing disasterrelief services from a maritime environment includes a first vessel andmeans for delivering desalinated water to shore. The first vessel isoperable to produce desalinated water.

[0026] In yet another exemplary embodiment, a system for mitigatingenvironmental impacts of a desalination system of a vessel (producing apermeate and a concentrate) on a maritime environment includes means forregulating a salinity level of the concentrate solution discharged fromthe vessel into the surrounding body of water and means for regulating atemperature of the concentrate to substantially equal the temperature ofthe water surrounding the vessel.

[0027] In still another exemplary embodiment, a method includesproviding a first vessel operable to produce a permeate and to mix aconcentrate and delivering the permeate from the first vessel to aland-based distribution system.

[0028] In a further exemplary embodiment, a method of providing reliefto a disaster-stricken area includes providing a first vessel operableto produce desalinated water and delivering the desalinated water toshore. The first vessel includes a first tonnage.

[0029] In a further exemplary embodiment, a method of mitigatingenvironmental impacts of desalinating water (the process of desalinatingwater produces a permeate and a concentrate) includes reducing thesalinity level of the concentrate and regulating a temperature of theconcentrate to substantially equal the temperature of the waterproximate the area of the concentrate discharge.

[0030] In a further exemplary embodiment, a system comprises a vesselcomprising means for producing energy and land-based means fortransferring the energy from the vessel to a land-based distributionsystem.

[0031] In a further exemplary embodiment, a system comprises a vesseloperable to produce desalinated water, means for delivering thedesalinated water from the vessel to a land-based water distributionsystem, and means for transferring the electricity from the vessel to aland-based electrical distribution system.

[0032] In a further exemplary embodiment, a vessel comprises a hullcomprising a first surface and a second surface, means for producingdesalinated water, means for mixing a concentrate with seawater, andmeans for storing the desalinated water. The water storing meanscomprises a tank disposed within the hull. The tank comprises a firstsurface and a second surface. The second surface of the tank beingseparated from the first surface of the hull.

[0033] In a further exemplary embodiment, a method comprises providing avessel operable to generate energy and transferring the energy from thevessel to a land-based distribution system.

[0034] In a further exemplary embodiment, a method comprises providing avessel operable to produce desalinated water and to generateelectricity, delivering the desalinated water produced by the vessel toa land-based water distribution network, and transferring theelectricity generated by the vessel to a land-based electricaldistribution network.

[0035] In still a further exemplary embodiment, a method comprisesproducing desalinated water, mixing a concentrate with seawater, andstoring the desalinated water in a tank. The tank is disposed in a hullof a vessel. The hull comprises a first surface and a second surface.The tank comprises a first surface and a second surface. The secondsurface of the tank is separated from the first surface of the hull.

[0036] An advantage of the present invention can be to use adrought-resistant source of water.

[0037] Another advantage of the present invention can be to provide asea-borne desalination facility that is less expensive than a land-baseddesalination facility.

[0038] Another advantage of the present invention can be to provide amore secure desalination facility.

[0039] Another advantage of the present invention can be to mitigate theenvironmental impacts of a desalination facility.

[0040] Another advantage of the present invention can be to discharge aconcentrate solution having a salinity level substantially equal to asalinity level of the water surrounding the desalination facility.

[0041] Another advantage of the present invention can be to discharge aconcentrate having a temperature substantially equal to a temperature ofthe water surrounding the desalination facility.

[0042] Another advantage of the present invention can be to providelarge quantities of desalinated water to coastal and maritime localesanywhere in the world or to locales distant from a body of water throughthe use of a distribution system.

[0043] Another advantage of the present invention can be to providerelief to disaster-stricken areas.

[0044] Another advantage of the present invention can be to providemobile production and storage of desalinated water.

[0045] Another advantage of the present invention can be to minimize theamount of land-based infrastructure.

[0046] Another advantage of the present invention can be to provide adesalination facility in a shorter amount of time than is needed for aland-based desalination facility.

[0047] Another advantage of the present invention can be to provide adesalination facility that can be moved to avoid natural disruptions andcalamities.

[0048] Another advantage of the present invention can be to deliveremergency supplies and pre-packaged water.

[0049] Another advantage of the present invention can be to remediateaquifers and wetlands.

[0050] Another advantage of the present invention can be to provide aFederal strategic water reserve system.

[0051] Another advantage of the present invention can be to providetradable and transportable water surpluses.

[0052] Another advantage of the present invention can be to provide amodular water-plant design that can be upgraded and modified.

[0053] Another advantage of the present invention can be to deliverelectricity to areas suffering from an acute shortage of power.

[0054] Another advantage of the present invention can be to generate andtransfer electricity to shore while off-loading desalinated water from avessel.

[0055] Another advantage of the present invention can be to vary theamount of desalinated water provided to a location by substitutingdifferently-sized vessels and/or plants.

[0056] Another advantage of the present invention can be to readilyrelocate the location of a source of intake water and/or the dischargeof concentrate, as desired.

[0057] A further advantage of the present invention can be to produce,store and maintain water aboard a vessel consistent with the standardsand requirements of land-based desalination systems and plants.

[0058] Another advantage of the present invention can be to reduce oreliminate uptake of water containing discharged concentrate into a waterintake system.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0059] The accompanying drawings, which constitute part of thisspecification, help to illustrate embodiments of the invention. In thedrawings, like numerals are used to indicate like elements throughout.

[0060]FIG. 1A is an side view of a vessel according to an embodiment ofthe present invention.

[0061]FIG. 1B is a plan view of the vessel of FIG. 1B.

[0062]FIG. 2 is a schematic of a system according to an embodiment ofthe present invention.

[0063]FIG. 3 is a bottom view of the vessel of FIG. 1A.

[0064]FIG. 4 is a side view of a vessel according to another embodimentof the present invention.

[0065]FIG. 5A is a perspective view of a dispersion device according toan embodiment of the present invention.

[0066]FIG. 5B is a section view of the grate of FIG. 5A taken along lineI-I.

[0067]FIG. 6A is a side view of a vessel according to another embodimentof the present invention.

[0068]FIG. 6B is a side view of a vessel according to another embodimentof the present invention.

[0069]FIG. 7 is a front view of a vessel according to another embodimentof the present invention.

[0070]FIG. 8 is a schematic of a system according to an embodiment ofthe present invention.

[0071]FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a mixing tank according to anembodiment of the present invention.

[0072]FIG. 10 is a top view of a vessel according to another embodimentof the present invention.

[0073]FIG. 11 is a top view of a vessel according to another embodimentof the present invention.

[0074]FIG. 12 is a side view of a vessel according to another embodimentof the present invention.

[0075]FIG. 13 is a schematic of a system according to an embodiment ofthe present invention.

[0076]FIG. 14 is a schematic of a system according to another embodimentof the present invention.

[0077]FIG. 15 is a schematic of a system according to another embodimentof the present invention.

[0078]FIG. 16 is a schematic of a system according to another embodimentof the present invention.

[0079]FIG. 17 is a schematic of a system according to another embodimentof the present invention.

[0080]FIG. 18 is a schematic of a system according to another embodimentof the present invention.

[0081]FIG. 19A is a top view of a vessel according to an embodiment ofthe present invention.

[0082]FIG. 19B is a sectional view taken along lines I-I of FIG. 19A.

[0083]FIG. 20A is a diagram of a method according to an embodiment ofthe present invention.

[0084]FIG. 20B is a diagram of another embodiment of the method of FIG.17A.

[0085]FIG. 20C is a diagram of another embodiment of the method of FIG.17A.

[0086]FIG. 21 is a method according to another embodiment of the presentinvention.

[0087]FIG. 22 is a method according to another embodiment of the presentinvention.

[0088]FIG. 23 is a method according to another embodiment of the presentinvention.

[0089]FIG. 24 is a method according to another embodiment of the presentinvention.

[0090]FIG. 25 is a method according to another embodiment of the presentinvention.

[0091]FIG. 26 is a method according to another embodiment of the presentinvention.

[0092]FIG. 27 is a side view of a vessel according to another embodimentof the present invention.

[0093]FIG. 28 is a side view of a vessel according to another embodimentof the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0094] The present invention provides systems, methods and apparatus forproducing water.

[0095] In an embodiment a system of the present invention comprises: awater production vessel and a distribution system for distributing thewater produced to end users. The distribution system may compriseapparatus for pumping, piping, storing, transporting, packaging orotherwise distributing the water produced on the vessel.

[0096] For the purposes of this specification, unless otherwiseindicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, reactionconditions, and so forth used in the specification are to be understoodas being modified in all instances by the term “about.” Accordingly,unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth inthe following specification are approximations that can vary dependingupon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the presentinvention. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit theapplication of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims,each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of thenumber of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary roundingtechniques.

[0097] Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters settingforth the broad scope of the invention are approximations, the numericalvalues set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely aspossible. Any numerical value, however, inherently contains certainerrors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in theirrespective testing measurements. Moreover, all ranges disclosed hereinare to be understood to encompass any and all subranges subsumedtherein, and every number between the end points. For example, a statedrange of “1 to 10” should be considered to include any and all subrangesbetween (and inclusive of) the minimum value of 1 and the maximum valueof 10; that is, all subranges beginning with a minimum value of 1 ormore, e.g. 1 to 6.1, and ending with a maximum value of 10 or less,e.g., 5.5 to 10, as well as all ranges beginning and ending within theend points, e.g. 2 to 9, 3 to 8, 3 to 9, 4 to 7, and finally to eachnumber 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 contained within the range.Additionally, any reference referred to as being “incorporated herein”is to be understood as being incorporated in its entirety.

[0098] It is further noted that, as used in this specification, thesingular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unlessexpressly and unequivocally limited to one referent.

[0099] Embodiments of the present invention comprise systems, methodsand apparatus for desalinating water from sea water, brackish, and/orpolluted water. The systems, methods, and apparatus for desalinatingwater described herein can generally be operable to be utilized at sea,aboard a vessel, to provide desalinated water consistent with thestandards and requirements generally imposed on land-based waterdesalination plants and systems. The invention described herein,however, is not limited to sea-based applications, but is provided asone such embodiment.

[0100] With reference now to the drawings, and in particular, to FIGS. 1and 2, the present invention provides a vessel 101 comprising: a waterpurification system 200 comprising a water intake system 201 comprisinga water intake 202 and a water intake pump 203; a reverse osmosis system204 comprising a high pressure pump 205 and a reverse osmosis membrane206; a concentrate discharge system 207 comprising a plurality ofconcentrate discharge ports; a permeate transfer system 208 comprising atransfer pump 209; a power source 103; and a control system 210.

[0101] The reverse osmosis system 204 is in communication with the waterintake system 201, and the concentrate discharge system 207 and thepermeate transfer system 208 are in communication with the reverseosmosis system 204. The power source 103 is in communication with thewater intake system 201, the reverse osmosis system 204, and thepermeate transfer system 208. The control system 210 is in communicationwith the water intake system 201, the reverse osmosis system 204, theconcentrate discharge system 207, the permeate transfer system 208, andthe power source 103.

[0102] The terms “communicate” or “communication” mean to mechanically,electrically, or otherwise contact, couple, or connect by either direct,indirect, or operational means.

[0103] The water intake system 201 provides water to the high pressurepump 205 and the high pressure pump 205 pushes water through the reverseosmosis membrane 206, whereby a concentrate is created on the highpressure side of the reverse osmosis membrane 206. The concentrate isdischarged into the water surrounding the vessel 101 through theplurality of concentrate discharge ports of the concentrate dischargesystem 207. On the low pressure side of the reverse osmosis membrane206, the permeate created can be transferred from the vessel 101 throughthe permeate transfer system 208.

[0104] The vessel 101 may further comprise a propulsion device 102 incommunication with the power source 103. A separate power source mayprovide power to each of the water intake system 201, reverse osmosissystem 204, permeate transfer system 208, and propulsion device 102. Forexample, each of the water intake pump 203, high pressure pump 205, andpermeate transfer pump 209 may be in communication with a separate powersource. The vessel 101 may be either a self-propelled ship, a moored,towed, pushed or integrated barge, or a flotilla or fleet of suchvessels. The vessel 101 may be manned or unmanned. The vessel 101 may beeither a single hull or double-hull vessel.

[0105] In an alternate embodiment, one power source may provide power toa combination of two or more of the water intake system 201, reverseosmosis system 204, permeate transfer system 208, and propulsion device102. For example, the electric power for the high pressure pump 205 maybe provided by a generator driven by the power source for the vessel'spropulsion device, such as a vessel's main engine. In such anembodiment, a step-up gear power take off or transmission would beinstalled between the main engine and the generator in order to obtainthe required synchronous speed.

[0106] Further, an additional coupling between the propulsion device andthe main engine allows the main engine to drive the generator while thevessel is not under way. Moreover, an independent power source (notshown), such as a diesel, steam or gas turbine, or combination of such,can power the reverse osmosis system 204, the propulsion device 102, orboth.

[0107] In another embodiment, the power source of water purificationsystem 200 is dedicated to the water purification system 200 and is notin communication with any propulsion device on the vessel 101.

[0108] In another embodiment, the plurality of concentrate dischargeports of the concentrate discharge system 207 may act as an auxiliarypropulsion device for the vessel 101 or act as the sole propulsiondevice for the vessel 101. Some or all of the concentrate may be passedto propulsion thrusters to provide idling or emergency propulsion.

[0109] In another embodiment, the power source may comprise electricityproducing windmills or water propellers that harness the flow of the airor water to generate power for the water purification system or theoperation of the ship.

[0110] The water intake system 201 is capable of taking in water fromthe body of water surrounding the vessel and providing it to the reverseosmosis system 204. In an embodiment, the water intake 202 of the waterintake system 201 comprises one or more apertures in the hull of thevessel below the water line. An example of a water intake 202 is a seachest. Water is taken into the vessel through the water intake 202comprising the one or more apertures, passed through the water intakepump 203, and supplied to the high pressure pump 205 of the reverseosmosis system 204.

[0111] The reverse osmosis system 204 comprises a high pressure pump 205and a reverse osmosis membrane 206. Reverse osmosis membranes are ofcomposite construction. One extensively used form comprises two films ofa complex polymeric resin which together define a salt passage. In thisprocess, pretreated raw water is pressed through a semi-permeablebarrier that disproportionately favors water permeation over saltpermeation. Pressurized feedwater enters a staged array of pressurevessels containing individual reverse osmosis membrane elements where itis separated into two process streams, permeate and concentrate.Separation occurs as the feed water flows from the membrane inlet tooutlet. The feed water first enters evenly spaced channels and flowsacross the membrane surface with a portion of the feed water permeatingthe membrane barrier. The balance of the feedwater flows parallel to themembrane surface to exit the system unfiltered. The concentrate streamis so named because it contains the concentrated ions rejected by themembrane The concentrated stream is also used to maintain minimumcrossflow velocity through the membrane element with turbulence providedby the feed-brine channel spacer. The type of reverse osmosis membraneused in the present invention is limited only by its compatibility withthe water and/or contaminants in the surrounding body of water.

[0112] The high pressure pump 205, operable to push the raw waterthrough the reverse osmosis membrane 206, comprises any pump suitable togenerate the hydraulic pressure necessary to push the raw water throughthe reverse osmosis membrane 206.

[0113] In an embodiment, the vessel 101 may comprise a plurality ofreverse osmosis systems 104, also referred to as trains. The pluralityof reverse osmosis systems may be installed on the vessel's deck 105.The plurality of reverse osmosis systems 104 may also be installed inother parts of the vessel 101. The plurality of reverse osmosis systems104 may also be installed on multiple levels. For example, each reverseosmosis system of the plurality of reverse osmosis systems 104 may beinstalled in a separate container. Several containers can be placed ontop of each other to optimize the use of the deck 105 on the vessel 101and to decrease the time and expense associated with construction of thewater purification system on the vessel 101. The plurality of reverseosmosis systems 104 are preferably installed in parallel, but otherconfigurations are possible.

[0114] The permeate transfer system 208 is capable of transferring thepermeate produced to a permeate delivery means, such as a tug-barge unitor tanker vessel In an embodiment, the permeate transfer system 208 iscapable of transferring the permeate produced to a permeate deliverymeans comprising a transfer vessel means while the vessel 101 and thetransfer vessel means are under way. The permeate transfer system 208 isalso capable of transferring the permeate produced to a permeatedelivery means comprising a pipeline in communication with the permeatetransfer system 208.

[0115] The control system 210 comprises any system capable ofcontrolling the operation of the water intake system 201, the reverseosmosis system 204, the concentrate discharge system 207, the permeatetransfer system 208, and the power source 103 on the vessel 101. Thecontrol system 210 is located in a suitable location according to theneeds of the vessel 101. The control system 210 may further comprise anysystem capable of controlling the operation of the vessel 101. In anembodiment, the control system may comprise a processor to makeautonomous operational decisions to run the vessel 101 and the waterpurification system 200. A specific control system envisioned is the TLXsoftware available from Auspice Corp., although other systems can beincluded in the design such as a programmable logic control (PLC)system.

[0116] The processor generally is in communication with the controlsystem 210. Suitable processors include, for example, digital logicalprocessors capable of processing input, executing algorithms, andgenerating output. Such processors can include a microprocessor, anApplication Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), and state machines. Suchprocessors include, or can be in communication with media, for examplecomputer readable media, which store instructions that, when executed bythe processor, cause the processor to perform the steps described hereinas carried out, or assisted, by a processor.

[0117] One embodiment of a suitable computer-readable medium includes anelectronic, optical, magnetic, or other storage or transmission devicecapable of providing a processor, such as the processor in a web server,with computer-readable instructions. Other examples of suitable mediainclude, but are not limited to, a floppy disk, CD-ROM, magnetic disk,memory chip, ROM, RAM, ASIC, configured processor, all optical media,magnetic tape or other magnetic media, or any other medium from which acomputer processor can read. Also, various other forms ofcomputer-readable media may transmit or carry instructions to acomputer, including router, private, or public network, or othertransmission device or channel.

[0118] In one embodiment, the control system 210 comprises securitysystems operable to control physical access to the control system 210.In another embodiment, the control system 210 comprises network securitysystems operable to control electronic access to the control system 210.

[0119] The concentrate discharge system 207 is configured to increasethe mixing of the concentrate discharged into the surrounding body ofwater. The plurality of concentrate discharge ports of the concentratedischarge system 207 can be physically located above or below the waterline of the vessel 101.

[0120] Referring now to FIG. 3, in an embodiment, a plurality ofconcentrate discharge ports 301 are physically located in such a waythat a portion of the concentrate discharged through the plurality ofconcentrate discharge ports 301 is capable of being mixed with the watersurrounding the vessel 101 by a propulsion device 102 for the vessel101.

[0121] In an embodiment comprising a plurality of reverse osmosissystems, a separate concentrate discharge system is connected to eachreverse osmosis system.

[0122] Referring now to FIG. 4, in another embodiment comprising aplurality of reverse osmosis systems, the concentrate discharged fromeach reverse osmosis system is collected by the concentrate dischargesystem 207 in one or more longitudinally oriented manifold pipes,structural box girders, or tunnels. At intervals along the vessel 101, aplurality of discharge ports 401, allows the concentrate to bedischarged over a substantial portion of the vessel's 101 length.

[0123] Referring now to FIG. 5, in another embodiment of the concentratedischarge system 207, each discharge port incorporates a grate 507designed to assist mixing having divergently oriented apertures 502. Agrating with protrusions into the grating's apertures may also be usedto assist mixing.

[0124] In another embodiment, the concentrate discharge ports of theconcentrate discharge system 207 are configured in a manner similar tothe exhaust nozzles on an F-15 fighter jet such that the concentratedischarge ports may change their circumference and may also change thedirection of the flow of the concentrate.

[0125] Temperatures in oceans decrease with increasing depth. Thetemperature range extends from 30° C. at the sea surface to −1° C. atthe sea bed. Areas of the oceans that experience an annual change insurface heating have a shallow wind-mixed layer of elevated temperaturein the summer. This wind-mixed layer is nearly isothermal and can rangefrom 10 to 20 meters in depth from the surface. Below the wind-mixedlayer, the water temperature can decrease rapidly with depth to form aseasonal thermocline layer having sharp vertical temperature change.During winter cooling and increased wind mixing at the ocean surface,convective overturning and mixing erase the seasonal thermocline layerand deepen the wind-mixed isothermal layer. The seasonal thermoclinelayer can reform with summer temperatures. At depths below thewind-mixed layer and any seasonal thermocline, a permanent thermoclineseparates water from temperate and subpolar regions. The permanentthermocline exists from depths of about 200 m to about 1,000 m. Belowthis permanent thermocline, water temperatures decrease much more slowlytoward the sea floor.

[0126] Thermocline regions in the ocean can reduce mixing between waterin regions above and below a thermocline. Further, water in athermocline region also may not rapidly mix with water in regions aboveor below the thermocline region.

[0127] As used herein, the term “thermocline” refers to a temperaturegradient in a layer of sea water, in which the temperature decrease withdepth is greater than that of the overlying and underlying water.

[0128] Referring now to FIG. 6A, in embodiments where the vessel 101 ismoored, the concentrate discharge system 207 may comprise a member 601extending down from the hull of the vessel 101 with a plurality ofdischarge ports 602 on the member 601. Depending on various factors suchas water depth, water temperature, water currents, and the surroundingecosystem, the member 601 may extend to the depth or depths thatoptimize the mixing of the concentrate with the surrounding body ofwater.

[0129] In an embodiment, the member 601 can be lowered from andretracted to the vessel 101 by mechanical means, such as, for example, ahydraulic assembly. Alternatively, other suitable means can be used tolower and retract the member 601, including those used in conventionalmaritime drilling operations. In another embodiment, the member 601 canhave sufficient mass and/or density that the member 601 can be loweredfrom the vessel 601 to a desired depth without mechanical assistance.Such member 601 is generally retracted to the vessel 101 by mechanicalmeans.

[0130] In a further embodiment (not pictured), the discharge member 601incorporates an aspirator through which water from the surrounding bodyof water can be drawn into member 601. The flow of concentrate intomember 601 creates a reduction in pressure (Venturi effect) and drawswater in from the surrounding body of water for mixing with theconcentrate before discharge. The resulting mixture is dischargedthrough a plurality of discharge ports 602.

[0131] Referring now to FIG. 6B, wherein the water intake 202 of a waterintake system 201 comprises a sea chest, discharge ports 602 are locatedon the member 601 such that each discharge port 602 is disposed withinor below a thermocline region 640 relative to the water intake 202. Sucha configuration may reduce or eliminate uptake of discharged concentrateinto the water purification system 200. In embodiments where the waterintake 202 comprises an aperture in the hull of the vessel and thedraught of the vessel 101 is less than the depth of the wind-mixedisothermal surface layer of a surrounding body of water, the member 601can extend into or below a seasonal thermocline region wherein theplurality of discharge ports are disposed within or below the seasonalthermocline. For example, the draught of ships having a dead weighttonnage of less than 200,000 is typically less than 20 meters and alsoless than the depth of the isothermal wind-mixed layer. Sea chestsdisposed below the water line on the forward part of the vessel 101would be expected to draw water from the isothermal wind-mixed layer.

[0132] Referring now to FIG. 7, in another embodiment, the concentratedischarge system 207 comprises a member 701 having a plurality ofconcentrate discharge ports 702 wherein the member 701 floats on thewater's surface through the use of support pontoons or a catenary havingsupport pontoons, or the member 701 may be inherently buoyant.

[0133] In another embodiment, each concentrate discharge port of theconcentrate discharge system 207 may be mounted on dispersion devicesthat enable the discharge ports to move in a full hemi-sphere range. Thedispersion devices may comprise a universal joint, a swivel, a gimble, aball and socket, or other similar devices known to one skilled in theart. Through the oscillation or motion of the plurality of concentratedischarge ports, the concentrate should be more evenly dispersed intothe surrounding water.

[0134] In another embodiment, the concentrate discharge system 207 mayfurther comprise a pump to increase the water pressure of theconcentrate prior to being discharged through the plurality ofconcentrate discharge ports.

[0135] In another embodiment, the vessel 101 further comprises a heatrecovery system in communication with the exhaust of a power source, thewater intake system 201, the control system 210, and the reverse osmosissystem 204. The heat recovery system can use the heat energy generatedby one or more power sources to heat the water taken in by the waterintake system 201 before for the water passes to a reverse osmosismembrane 206.

[0136] In another embodiment, the vessel 101 may further comprise a heatexchange system in communication with the reverse osmosis system 204 andthe concentrate discharge system 207. The heat exchange system comprisesa heat exchanger and a cooling system. The heat exchange system reducesthe temperature of the concentrate to at or about the temperature of thewater surrounding the vessel 101. Since the concentrate normally has anelevated temperature as compared to the temperature of the intake water,installing a heat exchanger system operationally between the reverseosmosis system 204 and concentrate discharge system 207 provides theadvantage of reducing or eliminating any impact on the surroundingecosystem that could result from the discharge of concentrate at anelevated temperature. In another embodiment, a heat exchange system isin communication with other systems on the vessel 101.

[0137] Referring now to FIG. 8, in another embodiment, the waterpurification system 200 comprises, a water intake system 201 comprisinga water intake 202 and a water intake pump 203, a storage tank 830, apretreatment system 840, a reverse osmosis system 204 comprising a highpressure pump 205 and a reverse osmosis membrane 206, a concentratedischarge system 207, a permeate transfer system 208 comprising apermeate transfer pump 209, an energy recovery system 810, and apermeate storage tank 220. The energy recovery system 810 is operable torecover or convert into electricity the energy associated with thepressure of the concentrate.

[0138] The storage tank 830 is in communication with the water intakepump 203 and the pretreatment system 840. The pretreatment system 840 isin communication with the storage tank 830 and the high pressure pump205. The energy recovery device 810 is in communication with the highpressure side of the reverse osmosis membrane 206, the high pressurepump 205, and the concentrate discharge system 207.

[0139] In an embodiment, the pretreatment system 840 comprises at leastone of a debris prefilter system, a reservoir, and a surge tank. Adebris filter system is typically used to insure stable, long-termreverse osmosis system performance and membrane life. The debrisprefilter system may include clarification, filtration, ultrafiltration,pH adjustment, removal of free chlorine, antiscalant addition, and 5micron cartridge filtration.

[0140] In one embodiment, the pretreatment system 840 comprises aplurality of pretreatment systems (not shown). In warm, clean waters,one pretreatment system 840 is generally sufficient. However, colder rawwater temperatures (as well as more polluted waters) may require severalstages of pretreatment. While the vessel 101 can be custom-built for apredetermined locale, and thus with a single pretreatment system 840,providing the vessel 101 with a plurality of pretreatment systems canpermit the vessel 101 to operate in a wide variety of environmentsacross the globe. Such an embodiment for the vessel 101 may enhance theflexibility of governmental or United Nations crisis ordisaster-response planning in which disaster locations and environmentalconditions cannot be readily anticipated or adequately planned for.

[0141] The energy recovery system 810 is operable to recover or convertthe energy associated with the pressure of the concentrate. Examples ofa energy recovery system 810 include devices such as a turbine. Theenergy recovered can be used to remove a stage of the high pressure pump205, to assist in interstage boosting in a two stage water purificationsystem, or to generate electricity.

[0142] In another embodiment, the vessel 101 further comprises one ormore noise and/or vibration reduction devices in communication with anymoving mechanical device aboard the vessel 101 and the hull of thevessel 101. Such mechanical devices include, but are not limited to, apower source, a high pressure pump, a transfer pump, and a water intakepump. The noise reduction devices may comprise any isolation,suspension, or shock absorbers known to one skilled in the art. Thenoise reduction devices also include any noise abatement technique knownto one skilled in the art. Noise reduction devices may include a hullcomprising composite material or machines with precision manufacturingsuch that the rattle associated with a mechanical device is reduced whenoperating.

[0143] In another embodiment, the vessel 101 further comprises noiseand/or vibration reduction devices to dampen vibrations associated withthe movement of fluids through piping in the vessel such as encasementon a pipe's exterior. The encasement of a pipe can reduce velocity noisein piping generated by the movement of water. Noise reduction devicescan reduce the vibrations or noise transmitted through the hull of thevessel 101 and thereby reduce any disturbance or interference withnormal aquatic or marine life. For example, the noise reduction devicescan reduce interference with the acoustic communication between whales.Further, the noise reduction devices can reduce the hearing hazard tothe crew of the ship.

[0144] Referring now to FIGS. 9 through 12 in general, in anotherembodiment, the vessel 101 further comprises a mixing system incommunication with the reverse osmosis system 204 and the concentratedischarge system 207. The mixing system is capable of mixing theconcentrate with water taken directly from the surrounding body of waterbefore discharging the concentrate. Such a system is operable to diluteand/or cool the concentrate before returning it to the surrounding bodyof water.

[0145] Referring now to FIG. 9, in an embodiment, a mixing systemcomprises a mixing tank 905 comprising a concentrate inlet 910, aconcentrate outlet 915, a mixing water intake system 920 comprising awater intake and a pump, a series of baffles 925, and a mixing barrier935 comprising a plurality of apertures 935, wherein water taken inthrough the mixing water intake system 920 (i.e. native water) and theconcentrate are forced through the mixing barrier and mixed beforeflowing to the concentrate discharge system 207. The size, shape,location and number of apertures 935 are selected to optimize mixing ofthe concentrate with the native water. The apertures 935 should induceturbulence in fluids flowing through the mixing barrier 930. The mixingbarrier 930 extends from one side of the mixture tank 905 to theopposing side of the mixing tank 905. Adjacent baffles are coupled toopposing sides of the mixing tank 905. The baffles are arranged in astaggered relationship such that a portion of each baffle 925 overlapswith an adjacent baffle 925. The fluid passing though the mixing barrier930 must follow a convoluted route before reaching the concentratedischarge system 207.

[0146] In another embodiment (not pictured), the mixing system comprisesa mixing tank comprising a concentrate inlet, a concentrate outlet, amixing water intake system comprising a water intake and a pump, and anydevice capable of forming a substantially homogeneous mixture from theconcentrate and native water. Example of such devices include high speedpaddle mixers and a static mixer.

[0147] By mixing the concentrate with native water, the waterpurification system 200 is capable of returning a diluted concentrateback into the surrounding body of water. For example, if the surroundingbody of water contained total dissolved solids (TDS) of 30,000 mg/L andthe water purification system were operating at a recovery of 50%permeate, then the TDS of the concentrate would be about 60,000 mg/L. Bymixing native water with the concentrate, the TDS of the dilutedconcentrate would be between 60,000 and 30,000 TDS.

[0148] In another embodiment, the water intake of the mixing tank isoperable to provide diluting water to the mixing tank having a TDS belowthe TDS of the water surrounding the vessel. Examples of sources suchdiluting water include, but are not limited to, permeate from thereverse osmosis system and rain water collected on the vessel or anothervessel.

[0149] In another embodiment, the water intake of the mixing system isthe same water intake as the water intake 202 of the water intake system201. In another embodiment, the water intake of the mixing system is aseparate water intake. The baffles may be oriented horizontally,transversely, or longitudinally.

[0150] Referring now to FIGS. 10, 11, and 12, in an embodiment, themixing tank 905 of the mixing system comprises a hold 109 in the vessel101. As shown in FIG. 10, in an embodiment, the baffles 925 are orientedtransversely. As shown in FIG. 11, in an embodiment, the baffles 925 areoriented longitudinally. As shown in FIG. 12, in an embodiment, thebaffles 925 are oriented horizontally.

[0151] Referring again to FIG. 1A, in another embodiment, the vessel 101further comprises a permeate storage tank comprising holds 109 for thepermeate wherein the permeate storage tank is in communication with thereverse osmosis system 204 and the permeate transfer system 208. Inanother embodiment, the vessel 101 further comprises a packaging system110 in communication with the permeate storage tank. The packagingsystem 110 includes extraction pumps with supply lines for drawingpermeate out of the permeate storage tank. The packaging system 110 maybe used in emergency situations where an infrastructure to distributethe permeate is not in place or has been damaged.

[0152] In another embodiment, the water purification system 200 of thevessel 101 further comprises a permeate treatment system incommunication with the low pressure side of the reverse osmosis membrane206 and the permeate transfer system 209. In one embodiment, thepermeate treatment system comprises corrosion control system. In anotherembodiment, the permeate treatment system comprises a permeatedisinfection system. In another embodiment, the permeate treatmentsystem comprises a permeate conditioning system to adjust to tastecharacteristics of the permeate. In another embodiment, the permeatetreatment system comprises a corrosion control system, a permeatedisinfection system and a permeate conditioning system. In anotherembodiment, the permeate treatment system is operationally located afterthe permeate transfer system 208. For example, see the description ofone embodiment of the land-based distribution system 1330 below.

[0153] In another embodiment, the vessel 101 comprises a plurality ofreverse osmosis systems 104 wherein the vessel 101 is capable ofproducing 5,000 to 450,000 cubic meters of permeate per day(approximately 1 to 100 million gallons of permeate per day). In otherembodiments, the amount of water the vessel 101 is capable of producingwill depend on the application and the size of the vessel 101 used.

[0154] In another embodiment, the vessel 101 has a dead weight tonnage(dwt) of between about 10,000 to 500,000. In another embodiment, thevessel 101 has a dwt of between about 30,000 and 50,000. In anotherembodiment, the vessel 101 has a dwt of between about 65,000 and 80,000.In another embodiment, the vessel 101 has a dwt of about 120,000. Inanother embodiment, the vessel 101 has a dwt of between about 250,000and 300,000. In another embodiment, the dwt of the vessel 101 depends onthe intended application, the minimum draft to keep the vessel 101afloat, and/or the desired production capacity of the vessel 101.

[0155] Instead of purifying water using reverse osmosis methods, thevessel 101 may be equipped with other water desalination or purificationtechnologies. For example, the vessel may be equipped with multi-stageflash evaporation, multi-effective distillation, or mechanical vaporcompression distillation.

[0156] Referring now to FIG. 27, in embodiments where the vessel 101 ismoored, the water intake system 201 comprises a water intake member 2701extending from the hull of the vessel 101. The member 2701 has a waterintake 2702 at the distal end of the water intake member 2701. Inseparate embodiments (not pictured), the water intake member 2701 mayhave a plurality of water intakes 2702, and the water intake(s) 2702 maybe located in positions other than the distal end of the water intakemember 2701. In another embodiment, the water intake member 2701 extendsinto or below a thermocline region 2740 and the concentrate dischargeports are disposed above the thermocline region 2740.

[0157] Referring now to FIG. 28, in embodiments where the vessel 101 ismoored, the water intake system 201 comprises a water intake member 2801extending from the hull of the vessel 101. The water intake member 2801has a water intake 2802 at the distal end of the water intake member2801. In separate embodiments (not pictured), the water intake member2801 may have a plurality of water intakes 2802, and the water intakes2802 may be located in positions other than the distal end of the waterintake member 2801. The vessel 101 in FIG. 28 further comprises aconcentrate discharge member 2851 extending down from the hull of thevessel 101 with a plurality of discharge ports 2852 on the member 2851.The water intake member 2801 extends into or below thermocline region2840 such that each water intake 2802 is disposed within or below thethermocline region 2840. Further, the discharge ports 2852 are locatedabove the thermocline region 2840. In another embodiment (not pictured),the location of the water intake 2802 and the concentrate dischargeports 2852 may be reversed such that the water intake 2802 is locatedabove the thermocline region 2840 in which the plurality of concentratedischarge ports 2852 is located.

[0158] Plankton is the productive base of both marine and fresh waterecosystems. The plant-like community of plankton is known asphytoplankton and the animal like community is known as zooplankton.Most phytoplankton serve as food for zooplankton. Phytoplanktonproduction is usually greatest from 5 to 10 meters below the surface ofthe ocean. Since little if any sunlight penetrates to debts below 20meters, most phytoplankton exist above 20 meters.

[0159] Since phytoplankton is the foundation for a large part of theecosystem and the ocean, one embodiment of the present invention isoperable to reduce any disruption of an ecosystem resulting from theintake of plankton into the water purification system. Specifically, thesystem is operable to intake water into the water intake system atvarious depths to reduce intake of plankton. In one embodiment, thewater intake system is operable to intake water at a depth below 10meters. The draught of ships having a dwt of over 100,000 is usually atleast 10 meters. Sea chests located on the lower most regions of thehull on ships having draught of more than 10 meters can intake waterbelow 10 meters and potentially reduce any intake of plankton into thewater purification system.

[0160] In another embodiment, the water intake system is operable tointake water below depths of over 10 meters. Water intake members asshown in FIG. 27 (2701) and FIG. 28 (2801) are operable to intake waterat depths below 10 meters and reduce any intake of plankton into thewater purification system.

[0161] In another embodiment, the vessel and water purification systemare operable to allow an operator to choose between using a sea chest ora water intake member to intake water into the water purificationsystem. An operator may choose to use a sea chest or a water intakemember to intake water based upon the location and depth of thermoclinesin water surrounding the vessel and based on the amount of plankton atany particular depth. In a further embodiment, the vessel is equippedwith instrumentation and sensors to allow an operator to detect thepresence of and depth of thermoclines and/or plankton populations in thesurrounding body of water. In addition, if large amounts of plankton aredetected, instrumentation and sensors can assist an operator to navigateand operate in regions in the surrounding body of water containing fewerplankton or containing thermoclines that optimize any reduction in themixing of discharge concentrate in water taken into the waterpurification system.

[0162] Referring now to FIG. 23, in another aspect, the presentinvention provides a method 2301 for producing a permeate on a floatingstructure comprising: producing permeate wherein a concentrate isproduced 2310; and discharging the concentrate into the surroundingwater through a concentrate discharge system comprising a plurality ofconcentrate discharge ports 2320.

[0163] In an embodiment of the method 2301, the step of producing apermeate comprises pumping water through a reverse osmosis systemcomprising a high pressure pump and a filter element comprising areverse osmosis membrane wherein a concentrate is produced on the highpressure side of the reverse osmosis membrane.

[0164] In another embodiment, the method 2301 further comprises the stepof having the floating structure travel through the water whiledischarging the concentrate.

[0165] In another embodiment, the method 2301 comprises pumping water tobe purified through a plurality of reverse osmosis systems in a parallelconfiguration.

[0166] In another embodiment, the method 2301 further comprises the stepof having the floating structure travel through the water in a patternselected from the group consisting of a substantially circular pattern,an oscillating pattern, a straight line, and any other patterndetermined by testing to be most advantageous to dispersing theconcentrate into the surrounding water and water currents.

[0167] In another embodiment, the method 2301 further comprises the stepof having the floating structure remain substantially fixed relative toa position on land and having the concentrate dispersed by watercurrent.

[0168] In another embodiment of the method 2301, the plurality ofconcentrate discharge ports are located on the vessel such that asubstantial portion of the discharged concentrate is mixed with thesurrounding water by a propulsion device of the floating structure. Inanother embodiment of the method 2301, the plurality concentratedischarge of ports may be located above or below the water line of thefloating structure. In another embodiment of the method 2301, theplurality of concentrate discharge ports are located such that thedischarged concentrate is capable of propelling the vessel in anauxiliary fashion or as the sole propulsion device.

[0169] In another embodiment of the method 2301, the method may furthercomprise the step of mixing the concentrate with water taken directlyfrom the surrounding body of water before discharging the concentrate.

[0170] In an embodiment, the step of mixing the concentrate with watertaken directly from the surrounding body of water comprises passing theconcentrate and the water taken directly from the surrounding body ofwater together through a series of baffles before being dischargedthrough the plurality of concentrate discharge ports. The baffles may beoriented horizontally, transversely, or longitudinally. Adjacent bafflesare coupled to opposing sides of the mixing tank. The baffles arearranged in a staggered relation such that a portion of each baffleoverlaps with an adjacent baffle. The water taken in and the concentratefollows a convoluted route before reaching the concentrate dischargesystem.

[0171] In another embodiment of the method 2301, the concentrate ismixed with water from the surrounding body of water within theconcentrate discharge member. The water from the surrounding body ofwater is drawn into the discharge member through an aspirator whichgenerates a suction as the concentrate flows into the discharge member.The concentrate is subsequently mixed with the incoming water before themixture is discharged. The concentrate is discharged in a manner toincrease the mixing of the concentrate with the surrounding body ofwater.

[0172] In another embodiment of the method 2301, the plurality ofconcentrate discharge ports are physically located in such a way that aportion of the concentrate discharged through the plurality ofconcentrate discharge ports is capable of being mixed with the watersurrounding the vessel by the propulsion device.

[0173] In an embodiment of the method 2301 comprising a plurality ofreverse osmosis systems, a separate concentrate discharge system isconnected to each reverse osmosis system.

[0174] In an embodiment of the method 2301 comprising a plurality ofreverse osmosis systems, the concentrate discharged from each reverseosmosis system is collected into one or more longitudinally orientedmanifold pipes, structural box girders, or tunnels. At intervals alongthe floating structure, the plurality of discharge ports, allows theconcentrate to be discharged over a substantial portion of the floatingstructure's length.

[0175] In another embodiment of the method 2301, each concentratedischarge port incorporates a grate designed to assist mixing with thesurrounding body of water having divergently oriented apertures. Agrating with protrusions into the grating's apertures may also be usedto assist mixing.

[0176] In another embodiment of the method 2301, the concentratedischarge ports are configured in a manner similar to the exhaustnozzles on an F-15 fighter jet such that the concentrate discharge portsmay change their circumference and may also change the direction of theflow the concentrate.

[0177] In an embodiment of the method 2301 where the floating structureis moored or otherwise stationary, the concentrate discharge may bedischarged through a member extending down from the hull of the vesselor over the side of the vessel with a plurality of discharge ports onthe member. Depending on various factors such as water depth, watertemperature, water currents, and the surrounding ecosystem, the membermay extend to the depth or depths that optimize the mixing of theconcentrate with the surrounding body of water. In another embodiment,the member having a plurality of concentrate discharge ports may floaton the water's surface through the use of support pontoons or a catenaryhaving support pontoons, or through the inherent buoyancy of the member.

[0178] In another embodiment of the method 2301, each concentratedischarge port may be mounted on dispersion devices that enable thedischarge ports to move in a full hemi-sphere range. The dispersiondevices may comprise a universal joint, a swivel, a gimble, a ball andsocket, or other similar devices known to one skilled in the art.Through the oscillation or motion of the plurality of concentratedischarge ports, the concentrate should be more evenly dispersed intothe surrounding water.

[0179] In another embodiment of the method 2301, the concentrate may befurther pressurized before being discharged through the plurality ofconcentrate discharge ports.

[0180]FIG. 13 is a schematic view of an embodiment of the presentinvention. The system 1301 shown in FIG. 13 generally comprises a firstvessel 1310 and a means for delivering a permeate from the first vessel1310 to a land-based distribution system 1330. The terms “land-based,”“on land,” “shore-based,” and “on shore” refer to systems and structuresthat are primarily or entirely disposed on land or shore. Portions orcomponents of such systems may be disposed off-shore, on water, or onstructures disposed off-shore, on the water, or moored or anchored tothe sea-bed.

[0181] The first vessel 1310 includes a means for producing a permeate.In one embodiment, the permeate producing means includes a waterpurification system (as described in more detail herein). Otherstructures may be used. Other means for producing a permeate may be usedin other embodiments.

[0182] Generally, the first vessel 1310 includes a converted single-hulltanker. The term “converted” generally refers to a vessel that has beenreconfigured to perform a function for which the vessel was notoriginally designed. Here, the vessel 1310 was originally designed totransport oil. Alternatively, the first vessel 1310 can be a custom-madeor custom-built vessel.

[0183] The first vessel 1310 is located off-shore and includes means forproducing a permeate from the surrounding sea water. Typically, thepermeate includes desalinated water. As will be described in more detailbelow, the first vessel 1310 also includes means for mixing aconcentrate with sea water. Although the term “sea water” is used, it isto be understood that sea water can include “fresh” water, such as forexample, lake water, or any other suitable source of raw water. Forexample, raw water can even include water delivered from ashore to thefirst vessel 1310 for desalination or further processing. Previouslyprocessed, or partially processed water may thus be refreshed.

[0184] In the case where the permeate is desalinated water, theconcentrate generally includes a brine. Other impurities are likely tobe present in the concentrate. The other impurities and total dissolvedsolids are dependent upon the source of the raw water. It is well knownthat some bodies of water are more polluted than others and thatstagnant water and waters closer to shore generally contain greateramounts of pollutants and total dissolved solids than does the open sea.

[0185] The first vessel 1310 typically includes a dead-weight tonnage(dwt) in a range between approximately 10,000 tons and approximately500,000 tons. In various embodiments, the first vessel 1310 may have adead weight tonnage of about 40,000, 80,000, or 120,000. In anotherembodiment, the first vessel 1310 has a dwt of between about 30,000 and50,000. In another embodiment, the first vessel 1310 has a dwt ofbetween about 65,000 and 80,000. In another embodiment, the vessel 1310has a dwt of about 120,000. In another embodiment, the first vessel 1310has a dwt between about 250,000 and 300,000. In other embodiments, thesize of the first vessel 1310 will depend on the intended application,the controlling draft, and the desired production capacity of the firstvessel 1310.

[0186] A capacity of the permeate producing means is generally dependentupon the dead-weight tonnage of the first vessel 1310. However, thecapacity of the permeate producing means is not limited by an internalvolume formed by the hull of the first vessel 1310, as would be the oilstorage capacity of such a vessel.

[0187] In one embodiment, a portion of the permeate producing means isdisposed above a main deck of the first vessel 1310. For example,components of the permeate producing means can be compartmentalized incontainers (see FIGS. 1A and 1B) and interconnected to one another andcoupled to the main deck. Containerships are known to have containersstacked one atop each other several tiers high along a substantiallength of the vessel's main deck.

[0188] In another embodiment (not pictured) where the propulsion device102 comprises an electric motor and a propeller in communication with apower source 103, the permeate producing means is disposed below themain deck of the first vessel 1310. In a further embodiment, the powersource 103 is also in communication with the permeate producing means.Advantages associated with using an electric motor and propeller topropel the first vessel 1310 include, but are not limited to,optimization of the use of space below the main deck of the first vessel1310 and reduction in noise created by the first vessel 1310. Advantagesassociated with disposing the permeate producing means below the maindeck of the first vessel 1310 relative to a first vessel 1310 having thepermeate producing means disposed on or above the main deck include, butare not limited to, simplification of the hydraulic system for movingfluids, reduction of the number of water pumps, reduction of operatingcosts, reduction in the dead weight tonnage of the first vessel 1310,and reduction in size of the first vessel necessary to produce the sameor similar amount of water.

[0189] Components of the permeate producing means can be arranged in asimilar manner to increase the capacity of the permeate producing meansotherwise limited by the internal structure of the first vessel 1310. Itcan be appreciated that such a configured vessel can be modified toadjust the permeate producing capacity of the first vessel 1310 asdesired. Thus, the capacity of the permeate producing means generally isin a range between approximately 1 million gallons per day andapproximately 100 million gallons per day. Other means for producingpermeate may be used in other embodiments. Alternatively, other suitablestructures can be used.

[0190] As further described above, the permeate producing meanstypically includes a reverse osmosis system. Alternatively, othersuitable permeate producing means can be used. In one embodiment, thepermeate producing means is operable to produce permeate substantiallycontinuously. Generally, while the first vessel 1310 is in motion withrespect to shore 1302, the first vessel 1310 can intake seawater 1303 toprocess through the permeate producing means. Alternatively, through theuse of intake pumps and other known means, the first vessel 1310 canintake seawater 1303 while not in motion with respect to shore 1302.

[0191] To be in motion with respect to shore 1302, the first vessel 1310can be underway. The term “underway” means that the first vessel 1310 ismaking its way over the bottom under its own power or under the power ofanother vessel. However, the first vessel 1310 can be in motion withrespect to shore 1302 even though it is not underway. The first vessel1310 can be in motion with respect to shore 1302 while moored, anchored,or drifting.

[0192] As discussed above, the first vessel 1310 includes a means formixing the concentrate. As described above in greater detail, the mixingmeans is operable to dilute the concentrate. Also as described above ingreater detail, the mixing means is operable to regulate a temperatureof the concentrate to a temperature substantially equal to that of thewater proximate to the first vessel 1310.

[0193] In an embodiment, the concentrate discharged by the first vessel1310 to the surrounding body of water has substantially the sametemperature as the water surrounding the first vessel 1310. In anotherembodiment, the diluted concentrate discharged by the first vessel 1310to the surrounding body of water has a level of total dissolved solidsbetween the level of total dissolved solids of the concentrate producedby the permeate producing means and the total dissolved solids of thesurrounding body of water. As used herein, the term “substantiallyequal” does not refer to a comparison of quantitative measurements, butrather that the impact on the affected marine life or ecosystem isqualitatively negligible. Thus, in an embodiment little or no readilyobservable adverse environmental effects occur when discharging theconcentrate directly to the waters surrounding the first vessel 1310.Other suitable structures and mixing means may be used.

[0194] In one embodiment, the permeate delivering means comprises asecond vessel 1320. A dead-weight tonnage of the second vessel 1320 isin a range between about 10,000 and 500,000 tons. In one embodiment, thesecond vessel 1320 includes a tug-barge unit. In another embodiment, thesecond vessel 1320 includes a converted single or double hull tanker.

[0195] Generally, the first vessel 1310 is operable to transfer thepermeate to the second vessel 1320 and the second vessel 1320 isoperable to receive the permeate from the first vessel 1310. As will bedescribed in more detail below, the second vessel 1320 is operable todeliver the permeate to the land-based distribution system 1330.Transferring fluid, typically fuel oil, between sea-going vessels isknown. The transfer of permeate, i.e., desalinated water, between thefirst and second vessels 1310, 1320 utilizes similar principles.However, in stark contrast to transferring fuel oil between vessels, theenvironmental consequences of a damaged, severed, or disconnectedtransfer line 1315 transferring desalinated water are negligible.

[0196] In one embodiment, a transfer line 1315 communicates thedesalinated water between the first and second vessels 1310, 1320. Thetransfer line 1315 can communicate a permeate storage compartmentinternal to the first vessel 1310 with a permeate storage compartmentinternal to the second vessel 1320. Support vessels (not shown) can beused as needed to facilitate the transfer of desalinated water betweenthe first and second vessels 1310, 1320.

[0197] Generally, the transfer of permeate between the first and secondvessels 1310, 1320 can be performed while both first and second vessels1310, 1320 are in motion with respect to shore 1302. Alternatively, thetransfer of permeate between the first and second vessels 1310, 1320 canbe performed while both first and second vessels 1310, 1320 are mooredor anchored. The first vessel 1310 is operable to continue producingpermeate while the first and second vessels 1310, 1320 are transferringpermeate.

[0198] When the transfer of permeate between the first and secondvessels 1310, 1320 is complete, the second vessel 1320 can transfer thepermeate to the land-based distribution system 1330 located on shore1302 or can transfer the permeate to a third vessel (not pictured)wherein the third vessel is permanently located at the pier 1331 orwharf (not shown), quay (not shown) or dolphins (not shown). In anembodiment, the second vessel 1320 travels to and is secured to a pier1331. The permeate is transferred to a piping system 1332 from thesecond vessel 1320 or a third vessel disposed proximate the pier 1331.The piping system 1332 is in communication with and transfers thepermeate to the land-based distribution system 1330.

[0199] The land-based distribution system 1330 generally includes atleast one water storage tank 1333, a pumping station 1336, and apipeline or a pipeline network 1335. In one embodiment, the land-baseddistribution system can include a plurality of tanks 1333 located in asingle tank-farm or be distributed over several locations on shore 1302.The pipeline network 1335 can interconnect the plurality of tanks 1333.Additionally, the pipeline network 1335 can communicate the water supplywith individual pumping stations (not shown) and/or end-users (notshown), such as industrial or residential users.

[0200] In one embodiment, the land-based distribution system 1330 caninclude a chemical feed station (not shown) to adjust a plurality ofwater quality parameters. The chemical feed station can adjust waterquality parameters such as pH, corrosion control, and fluoridation, asdesired. Other suitable water quality parameters can be adjusted by thechemical feed station. In one embodiment, the chemical feed station isdisposed upstream of the storage tanks 1333. In another embodiment, thechemical feed station is disposed downstream of the chemical feedstation and upstream of the pumping station 1336. Alternatively, thechemical feed station can be disposed in other suitable locations.

[0201] In an alternate embodiment, the permeate can be transferred fromthe second vessel 1320 to a land-based transportation system (not shown)for delivery directly to end-users or alternate water storagefacilities. The land-based transportation system can include a pluralityof tank trucks or a trucking network (not shown). The land-basedtransportation system can include a railroad or a railroad network.Additionally, the land-based transportation system can include acombination of a trucking network and a railroad network.

[0202] Referring now to FIG. 14, an alternate permeate delivering meansis shown. In one embodiment, the permeate can be transferred directlyfrom the first vessel 1310 to a floating pipeline 1415. Floatingpipelines to transfer oil are known. The floating pipeline 1415 can besimilar in design to such floating pipelines.

[0203] The floating pipeline 1415 can be coupled to a permanent buoy1404. The floating pipeline 1415 can be transported from shore 1302 tothe buoy 1404 by a tugboat or other service vessel. The floatingpipeline 1415 can be constructed of known buoyant materials or can becoupled with buoyant floats (not shown) disposed along its length. Thefloating pipeline 1415 can float on the surface of the water 1303.Alternatively, the floating pipeline 1415 can be partially submergedbelow the surface of the water 1303.

[0204] An alternate embodiment of the permeate delivering means includesa sea-floor stabilized pipeline (not shown). The sea-floor stabilizedpipeline can be coupled to the permanent buoy 1404. The sea-floorstabilized pipeline is disposed primarily below the surface of the water1303 and rests on the sea-floor. The sea-floor stabilized pipeline canhave a plurality of weights distributed over its length to keep itgenerally in place. Alternatively, the sea-floor stabilized pipeline canbe securely fixed to the sea-floor with known anchorage devices andmethods.

[0205] A first end of the sea-floor stabilized pipeline can be disposedabove the surface of the water 1303. The first end of the sea-floorstabilized pipeline is in communication with first vessel 1310. A secondend of the sea-floor stabilized pipeline can be disposed proximate tothe land-based distribution system 1330. In one embodiment, a portion ofthe sea-floor stabilized pipeline proximate to the first end passesthrough the permanent buoy 1404. In another embodiment, a portion of thesea-floor stabilized pipeline proximate to the first end is integralwith the permanent buoy 1404.

[0206] Another alternate embodiment of the permeate delivering meansincludes a sea-floor embedded pipeline (not shown). The sea-floorembedded pipeline can be coupled to the permanent buoy 1404. Thesea-floor stabilized pipeline is disposed primarily below the surface ofthe sea-floor. The sea-floor embedded pipeline is generally secured inplace by the sea-floor. The sea-floor embedded pipeline can be buriedseveral inches below a surface of the sea-floor. Alternatively,anchorage devices can be used to secure the sea-floor embedded pipeline.In another embodiment, the sea-floor embedded pipeline can be covered byvarious materials. Other structures and permeate delivering means may beused in other embodiments.

[0207] In one embodiment of the system 1301, the first vessel 1310includes a packaging system (not shown) to package the permeate. Thepackaging system can include an on-board bottling plant. Alternatively,the packaging system can include other suitable packages, such as, forexample, large plastic bladders. As described in more detail below, thepackaged permeate can be transported to provide relief to a disasterstricken area on shore 1302. In addition to providing packageddesalinated water, the first vessel 1310 can include a store ofdisaster-relief provisions, such as food, medical supplies, andclothing.

[0208] To support the operation of the first vessel 1310, a supportfleet (not shown) can be included. The support fleet is operable toprovide the first vessel 1310 with one or more of the following: fueloil, supplies and provisions, repair and replacement materials andequipment, personnel, and airlift capabilities. The support fleet caninclude a single vessel or a plurality of vessels.

[0209] Referring now to FIG. 15, a system 1501 for providing disasterrelief services from a maritime environment according to the presentinvention is shown. The system 1501 described in further detail below isoperable to provide critical aid to a wide variety of areas that lacksophisticated, well-developed, or functional ground infrastructure.Additionally, the system 1501 does not leave a “footprint” on shore1302. Furthermore, the system 1501 is mobile and can respond todeveloping crises without much lead time or notice. This is especiallytrue when the system 1501 is forward-deployed across the globe.

[0210] The system 1501 includes a first vessel 1510 operable to producedesalinated water. Generally, the first vessel 1510 is operable toproduce desalinated water at a rate in a range between approximately 1million gallons per day and approximately 100 million gallons per day.Typically the first vessel 1510 includes a reverse osmosis system. Inone embodiment, the first vessel 1510 is operable to produce thedesalinated water substantially continuously.

[0211] The first vessel 1510 can include a converted single-hull tankerand includes a first dead weight tonnage. The first dead weight tonnageincludes a range between about 10,000 and 500,000 tons. In anotherembodiment, the first vessel 1510 has a dwt of between about 30,000 and50,000. In another embodiment, the first vessel 1510 has a dwt ofbetween about 65,000 and 80,000. In another embodiment, the vessel 1510has a dwt of between about 120,000. In another embodiment, the firstvessel 1510 has a dwt of between about 250,000 and 300,000. In otherembodiments, the size of the first vessel 1510 may depend on theintended application, the controlling draft, and on the desiredproduction capacity of the vessel.

[0212] The first vessel 1510 can be in continuous motion with respect toshore 1502. Generally, while the first vessel 1510 is in motion withrespect to shore 1502, the first vessel 1510 can intake seawater 1503 toprocess through the reverse osmosis system. Alternatively, through theuse of intake pumps and other known means, the first vessel 1510 canintake seawater 1503 while not in motion with respect to shore 1502.

[0213] To be in motion with respect to shore 1502, the first vessel 1510can be underway. However, the first vessel 1510 can be in motion withrespect to shore 1502 even though it is not underway. The first vessel1510 can be in motion with respect to shore 1502 while moored, anchored,or drifting.

[0214] In one embodiment of the system 1501, the first vessel 1510includes a packaging system (not shown) to package the desalinatedwater. The packaging system can include an on-board bottling plant.Alternatively, the packaging can include other suitable packages, suchas, for example, large plastic bladders. The packaged permeate can betransported to shore 1502 to provide relief to a disaster stricken area.In addition to providing packaged desalinated water, the first vessel1510 can include a store of disaster-relief provisions, such as food,medical supplies, and clothing.

[0215] The system 1501 also includes a means for delivering thedesalinated water to shore 1502. In one embodiment, the delivering meansincludes a second vessel 1520. The second vessel 1520 includes a secondtonnage in a range between about 10,000 and 500,000 dwt. The secondvessel 1520 can include a converted single-hull tanker. The secondvessel 1520 can also include a tug-barge unit. Alternatively, othersuitable vessels can be used.

[0216] The second vessel 1520 is operable to receive the desalinatedwater from the first vessel 1510 and to deliver the desalinate water toshore 1502. As described in detail above, the first vessel 1510 cantransfer the desalinated water to the second vessel 1520 by a transferline 1515. Accordingly, this transfer process will not be repeated here.The second vessel 1520 is operable to receive the desalinated water fromthe first vessel 1510 while the first and second vessels 1510, 1520 arein motion with respect to shore 1502.

[0217] In an alternate embodiment, unprocessed or partially-processedraw water may be delivered from shore 1502 by, for example, the secondvessel 1520 to the first vessel 1510 for processing or additionalprocessing (i.e., refreshing the raw water). The water from the secondvessel 1520 may be transferred to the first vessel 1510 by reversing thetransfer process described above. Once the first vessel 1510 hasprocessed or “refreshed” the water from ashore, the first vessel 1510can transfer the desalinated or “refreshed” water to the second vessel1520 for delivery to shore 1502.

[0218] Once the desired amount of desalinated water has been transferredfrom the first vessel 1510 to the second vessel 1520, the second vessel1520 can transport the desalinated water proximate to the shore 1502.Typically, the second vessel 1520 will dock alongside a pier 1530.Alternatively, the second vessel 1520 can be an amphibious vehicle, inwhich case the second vessel 1520 can deliver the desalinated waterdirectly to shore 1502. In yet another alternative embodiment, the firstvessel 1510 or the second vessel 1520 can transfer packaged desalinatedwater to shore 1502 by off-loading the packaged water at the pier 1530or dropping the packaged water overboard allowing the tide to carry thepackaged water in to shore 1502.

[0219] In an alternate embodiment, the delivering means includes anairborne delivery system (not shown). The airborne delivery system isoperable to transport needed aid faster and farther inland thanconventional ground transportation means. Furthermore, some areas onshore 1502 may be accessible only by air.

[0220] In one embodiment, the airborne delivery system includes ahelicopter (not shown). The helicopter can land on or hover above thefirst vessel 1510 or the second vessel 1520. The helicopter can beloaded with packaged water or it can transport pallets of the packagedwater. In another embodiment, the airborne delivery system includes aseaplane. The seaplane can be directly loaded with packaged water andtransport the packaged water inland to where it is needed. Otherstructures and delivery means may be used in other embodiments.

[0221] The system 1501 can provide other disaster relief services inaddition to delivering desalinated water. As discussed above, the system1501 can also provide food (such as, for example Meals Ready toEat—MREs), medical supplies, and clothing. As discussed above, thesystem 1501 can include a support fleet (not shown) operable to providethe first vessel 1510 with one or more of the following: fuel, suppliesand provisions, repair and replacement materials and equipment,personnel, and airlift capabilities. The support fleet can include asingle vessel or a plurality of vessels. Furthermore, in addition tosupporting the first vessel 1510, the support fleet can dispatchemergency personnel and additional emergency aid to shore 1502.

[0222] Referring now to FIG. 16, a system 1601 for mitigatingenvironmental impacts of a water purification system of a vessel 1610 ona maritime environment is shown. The water purification system (notshown) produces a permeate and a concentrate. The water purificationsystem can be similar to that as described above. Alternatively, othersuitable water purification systems can be used. Typically, the permeateproduced includes desalinated water and the concentrate producedincludes a brine.

[0223] In an embodiment, the system 1601 includes a mixing means forcontrolling the level of total dissolved solids of the concentratedischarged from the vessel 1610 into the surrounding body of water. Asdescribed above in greater detail, the mixing means is operable todilute the concentrate and/or to regulate the temperature of theconcentrate discharged from the vessel 1610.

[0224] In one embodiment, the system 1601 includes means for dischargingthe concentrate. Generally, the concentrate discharging means isoperable to mix the concentrate with raw water prior to the discharge ofconcentrate to the surrounding body of water. In another embodiment, theconcentrate discharging means is operable to mix the concentrate withwater having a total dissolved solids below the level of total dissolvedsolids of the surrounding body of water prior to discharge. Theconcentrate discharging means can be similar to that described above.

[0225] In one embodiment, the concentrate discharging means includes agrate or other dispersing device. For example, the grate can include aplurality of divergently-oriented apertures. In another example, thegrate can include a plurality of protrusions disposed in the pluralityof apertures. The grate can be configured as described above and withreference to FIGS. 5A and 5B. Alternatively, the grating can beconfigured in other alternate means.

[0226] In another embodiment, the concentrate dispersing means includesa discharge member extending from the vessel and a plurality of orificesdisposed in the discharge member. The discharge member can include aplurality of discharge tubes, each one of the tubes extending to adifferent depth. The discharge member can include a floating hose, whichgenerally extends from the main deck of the vessel and into the water.The discharge member can also include a catenary. Other alternatedispersing means can be as that described above. Other suitablestructures and dispersing means can be used.

[0227] In one embodiment, the system 1601 includes means for reducing alevel of shipboard noise. For example, the noise reducing means includesa plurality of piping encasements. In another example, the noisereducing means includes a plurality of vibration dampening elements.Other systems for mitigating environmental impacts of a desalinationsystem of a vessel on a maritime environment can be similar to thosesystems, apparatus, and methods described above. Alternatively, othersuitable structures, systems, and means can be used.

[0228] Referring now to FIG. 17, a system 1701 for producing andtransferring energy to a land-based distribution system is shown. Thesystem 1701 comprises a vessel 1710. The vessel 1710 comprises means forproducing energy 1703. The system 1701 also comprises a land-based means1720 for transferring the energy from the vessel 1710 to a land-baseddistribution system 1740. In one embodiment, a capacity of the energyproducing means 1703 comprises a range between about 10 megawatts and100 megawatts.

[0229] In one embodiment, the vessel 1710 comprises a dead-weighttonnage in a range between approximately 10,000 and 500,000. Asdescribed above, the vessel 1710 can be a reconfigured single-hulltanker. Other suitable vessels can be reconfigured, such as barges andother merchant vessels and retired (mothballed) naval vessels.Alternatively, the vessel 1710 can be custom built, i.e., designed andbuilt especially for a particular application.

[0230] In one embodiment, the energy producing means 1703 comprises asupply transformer (not shown), a motor (not shown), a frequencyconverter (not shown), and a motor control (not shown). The frequencyconverter is operable to control a speed and a torque of the motor.Preferably the energy producing means 1703 comprises an electric drivepropulsion drive, which is known in the art. Generally, the transformeris in communication with the motor and the frequency converter.Typically, the motor control is in communication with the transformer,the motor, and the frequency converter. The motor can be a drive motoror an electric motor generator.

[0231] Typically, the energy producing means 1703 is disposed entirelybelow the main deck. In an alternate embodiment, the energy producingmeans 1703 can be disposed on and above the main deck, as well as belowthe main deck. Moreover, the energy producing means 1703 can besupplemented by temporary electrical generators (not shown), such as,for example, diesel generators.

[0232] Preferably, the motor is an AC motor. The speed of the motor canbe controlled by varying the voltage and frequency of its supply. Thefrequency converter is operable to create a variable frequency output.The frequency converter can also provide stepless control of three-phaseAC currents from zero to maximum output frequency, corresponding to adesired shaft speed both ahead and astern. In another embodiment, theenergy producing means comprises a fuel cell (not shown). Alternatively,other suitable energy producing means can be used, such as, for example,conventional maritime diesel engines, or nuclear or fossil-fueled steamplants.

[0233] The energy transferring means 1720 comprises means forsynchronizing 1725 the energy from the vessel 1710 to the land-baseddistribution system 1740. As described above, the energy transferringmeans 1720 is a land-based, or shore-based, system. Utilizing aland-based energy transferring means 1720 rather than a ship-boardenergy transferring means allows the vessel 1710 to maximize its limitedspace for energy generation, and other additional functions.Additionally, a land-based energy transferring means 1720 is configuredby the local energy authority to connect to the land-based distributionsystem 1740. Thus, the vessel 1710 would not have to be modified toaccommodate variations among different grid systems.

[0234] In one embodiment, the synchronizing means 1725 comprises agenerator step-up transformer (not shown) and a second converter (notshown). The generator step-up transformer is operable to step up avoltage from the vessel 1710 to a voltage substantially equal to theland-based distribution system 1740. For example, the generator step-uptransformer can step-up the voltage from the vessel 1710, i.e., 600 V,to 38 kV, the voltage of the land-based distribution system 1740. Inanother example, the generator step-up transformer can step-up thevoltage from the vessel 1710, i.e., 600 V, to 69 kV, the voltage of theland-based distribution system 1740.

[0235] The second converter is operable to synchronize the energy fromthe vessel 1710 with the land-based distribution system 1740. Forexample, the second converter can convert DC power from the vessel 1710to the AC power of the land-based distribution system 1740. As anotherexample, the second converter can convert the phase of the power fromthe vessel 1710 to the phase of the power in the land-based distributionsystem 1740.

[0236] The land-based distribution system 1740 can include an electricalgrid or network to supply and transport electrical energy to commercial,industrial, and/or residential end-users. Such a land-based distributionsystem 1740 generally includes, but is not limited to, transmissiontowers, overhead and underground power lines, substations, transformers,converters, and wires, such as service drops. Alternatively, othersuitable land-based distribution systems can be used.

[0237] In an embodiment, the vessel 1710 comprises means for cleaningexhaust 1707. Typically, exhaust refers to pollutants, as well asvarious particulates. The exhaust cleaning means 1707 is disposedupstream, or before the egress of exhaust from the vessel 1710. Exhaustfrom the vessel generally is produced in generating power. Of course,auxiliary ship-board functions may produce some additional exhaust. Inone embodiment, the exhaust cleaning means 1707 comprises a scrubber. Inanother embodiment, the exhaust cleaning means 1707 comprises aparticulate filter.

[0238] Referring now to FIG. 18, a system 1801 is shown. The system 1801comprises a vessel 1810 operable to produce desalinated water andelectricity. The system 1801 also includes means for delivering (notshown) the desalinated water from the vessel 1810 to a land-based waterdistribution system 1830 and means for transferring 1820 the electricityfrom the vessel 1810 to the land-based electrical distribution system1840.

[0239] In one embodiment, the vessel 1810 comprises a dead-weighttonnage in a range between about 10,000 and 500,000. As described above,the vessel 1810 can be a reconfigured single-hull tanker. Other suitablevessels can be reconfigured, such as barges and other merchant vessels.Alternatively, the vessel 1810 can be custom-made for this particularapplication.

[0240] Generally, the vessel 1810 is operable to produce desalinatedwater in a range between about 1 million gallons per day and 100 milliongallons per day. Typically, the vessel 1810 produces desalinated wateras described above, and thus, will not be repeated here. Alternatively,other suitable means of producing desalinated water can be used.Generally, a capacity of the vessel 1810 for producing electricity is ina range between about 10 megawatts and 100 megawatts.

[0241] While the vessel 1810 is producing desalinated water, the vessel1810 generally is off-shore 1803. When the vessel 1810 has produced itscapacity of desalinated water—or when the vessel 1810 has produced asmuch as is desired or needed—the vessel 1810 heads to shore 1802 and issecured to or moored proximate to a pier 1831. Delivery or discharge ofthe desalinated water to the land-based distribution system 1830 cantake about 12 hours, which, of course, can vary depending on the amountof water to be delivered from the vessel 1810.

[0242] In one embodiment, the means for delivering the desalinated waterfrom the vessel 1810 to the land-based water distribution system 1830includes a piping system 1832. Alternatively, other suitable embodimentscan be used. The piping system 1832 is in communication with theland-based water distribution system 1830.

[0243] The land-based water distribution system 1830 generally includesat least one water storage tank 1833, a pumping station 1836, and apipeline or a pipeline network 1835. In one embodiment, the land-baseddistribution system can include a plurality of tanks 1833 located in asingle tank-farm or be distributed over several locations on shore 1802.The pipeline network 1835 can interconnect the plurality of tanks 1833.Additionally, the pipeline network 1835 can communicate the water supplywith individual pumping stations (not shown) and/or end-users (notshown), such as industrial or residential users.

[0244] In one embodiment, the land-based water distribution system 1830can include a chemical feed station (not shown) to adjust a plurality ofwater quality parameters. The chemical feed station can adjust waterquality parameters such as pH, corrosion control, and fluoridation, asdesired. Other suitable water quality parameters can be adjusted by thechemical feed station. In one embodiment, the chemical feed station isdisposed upstream of the storage tanks 1833. In another embodiment, thechemical feed station is disposed downstream of the chemical feedstation and upstream of the pumping station 1836. Alternatively, thechemical feed station can be disposed in other suitable locations.

[0245] In an alternate embodiment, the desalinated water can betransferred from the vessel 1810 to a land-based transportation system(not shown) for delivery directly to end-users or alternate waterstorage facilities. The land-based transportation system can include aplurality of tank trucks or a trucking network (not shown). Theland-based transportation system can include a railroad or a railroadnetwork. Additionally, the land-based transportation system can includea combination of a trucking network and a railroad network.

[0246] While the vessel 1810 is delivering the desalinated water to aland-based water distribution system 1830, the vessel 1810 can generateelectricity for transfer to a shore-based electrical distribution system1840. Generally, one megawatt is sufficient to provide power to 1000typical American homes. Thus, where the capacity of the vessel 1810 is100 megawatts, the vessel 1810 can provide power to about 100,000 homes.In addition to providing desalinated water, the vessel 1810 can providecritically-need power to help alleviate suffering in disaster-strickenareas by providing power to hospitals and other emergencyinfrastructure, as well as to homes.

[0247] In one embodiment, the vessel 1810 comprises a supply transformer(not shown), a motor (not shown), a frequency converter (not shown), anda motor control (not shown). The frequency converter is operable tocontrol a speed and a torque of the motor.

[0248] Preferably the supply transformer, the motor, the frequencyconverter, and the motor control comprise an electric generating means1803. Generally, the transformer is in communication with the motor andthe frequency converter. Typically, the motor control is incommunication with the transformer, the motor, and the frequencyconverter.

[0249] Typically, the electric generating means 1803 is disposedentirely below the main deck. In an alternate embodiment, the electricgenerating means 1803 can be disposed on and/or above the main deck, aswell as below the main deck. Moreover, the electric generating means1803 can be supplemented by temporary electrical generators (not shown),such as, for example, diesel generators.

[0250] Preferably, the motor is an AC motor. The speed of the motor canbe controlled by varying the voltage and frequency of its supply. Thefrequency converter is operable to create a variable frequency output.The frequency converter can also provide stepless control of three-phaseAC currents from zero to maximum output frequency, corresponding to adesired shaft speed both ahead and astern. In another embodiment, theelectric generating means 1803 comprises a fuel cell (not shown).Alternatively, other suitable energy producing means can be used, suchas, for example, conventional maritime diesel engines.

[0251] The energy transferring means 1820 comprises means forsynchronizing 1825 the energy from the vessel 1810 to the land-baseddistribution system 1840. As described above, the energy transferringmeans 1820 is a land-based, or shore-based, system.

[0252] In one embodiment, the synchronizing means 1825 comprises agenerator step-up transformer (not shown) and a second converter (notshown). The generator step-up transformer is operable to step up avoltage from the vessel 1810 to a voltage substantially equal to theland-based distribution system 1840. For example, the generator step-uptransformer can step-up the voltage from the vessel 1810, i.e., 600 V,to 38 kV, the voltage of the land-based distribution system 1840. Inanother example, the generator step-up transformer can step-up thevoltage from the vessel 1810, i.e., 600 V, to 69 kV, the voltage of theland-based distribution system 1840.

[0253] The second converter is operable to synchronize the energy fromthe vessel 1810 with the land-based distribution system 1840. Forexample, the second converter can convert DC power from the vessel 1810to the AC power of the land-based distribution system 1840. As anotherexample, the second converter can convert the phase of the power fromthe vessel 1810 to the phase of the power in the land-based distributionsystem 1840.

[0254] In an embodiment, the vessel 1810 comprises means for cleaningexhaust 1807. Typically, exhaust refers to pollutants, as well asvarious particulates. The exhaust cleaning means 1807 is disposedupstream, or before the egress of exhaust from the vessel 1810. Exhaustfrom the vessel generally is produced in generating power. Of course,auxiliary ship-board functions may produce some additional exhaust. Inone embodiment, the exhaust cleaning means 1807 comprises a scrubber. Inanother embodiment, the exhaust cleaning means 1807 comprises aparticulate filter.

[0255] Referring now to FIGS. 19A and 19B, a vessel 1901 is shown. Thevessel 1901 comprises a hull 1902. The hull 1902 comprises a firstsurface 1902 a and a second surface 1902 b. Generally, the first surface1902 a of the hull 1902 comprises an interior surface of the vessel 1901and the second surface 1902 b of the hull 1902 comprises an exteriorsurface of the vessel 1902. The vessel 1901 also comprises means forproducing desalinated water (not shown) and means for mixing aconcentrate with seawater (not shown). The mixing means and the meansfor producing desalinated water include the structures and methodsdescribed above for producing desalinated water. As shown in FIG. 19A,the means for producing desalinated water includes the plurality ofreverse osmosis systems 1904 installed in separate containers disposedon and above the main deck 1905 of the vessel 1901. Alternatively, othersuitable means for producing desalinated water can be used.

[0256] The vessel 1901 also includes means for storing the desalinatedwater. The water storing means comprises a tank 1903 disposed within thehull 1902. The tank 1903 can occupy a majority of the volume formed bythe hull 1902 below the main deck 1905 of the vessel 1901.Alternatively, the tank 1903 can occupy other suitable volumes, and bedisposed in suitable configurations. The tank 1903 comprises a firstsurface 1903 a and a second surface 1903 b. In a preferred embodiment,the tank 1903 is disposed within a double-hull of the vessel 1901. Inanother embodiment, the tank 1903 forms a double-hull of the vessel1901. Double-hull generally refers to a second hull disposed within thehull 1902.

[0257] When the tank 1903 contains desalinated water, the first surface1903 a of the tank 1903 is disposed proximate to the desalinated water.Alternatively, the first surface 1903 a of the tank 1903 is incommunication with the desalinated water.

[0258] Generally, the second surface 1903 b of the tank 1903 is disposedin facing opposition to the second surface 1902 b of the hull 1902. Thesecond surface 1903 b of the tank 1903 is separated from the firstsurface 1902 a of the hull 1902 by a distance. Typically, the distancebetween the second surface 1903 b of the tank 1903 and the first surface1902 a of the hull 1902 is greater than or equal to about two meters. Inanother embodiment, the distance between the second surface 1903 b ofthe tank 1903 and the first surface 1902 a of the hull 1902 is less thanabout two meters. Alternatively, other suitable distances can be used.

[0259] In one embodiment, the vessel 1901 comprises means formaintaining a temperature (not shown) of the desalinated water in thetank 1903 above freezing. Desalinated water freezes at about 0 degreesC. In one embodiment, the means for maintaining the temperature of thedesalinated water can include insulation disposed between the secondsurface 1903 b of the tank 1903 and the first surface 1902 a of the hull1902. The insulation can be coupled to either or both the second surface1903 b of the tank 1903 and the first surface 1902 a of the hull 1902.

[0260] In another embodiment, the temperature maintaining means caninclude forcing or circulating air between the second surface 1903 b ofthe tank 1903 and the first surface 1902 a of the hull 1902. Thetemperature of the air is sufficient to maintain the desalinated waterin the tank 1903 above freezing. The air can be heated by electric coilsor by other suitable means. In a further embodiment, the temperaturemaintaining means can include directly heating the tank 1903 by directmeans, such as heating coils. The temperature maintaining means can alsoinclude imparting some movement or displacement of the desalinated waterin the tank 1903, such as, for example, by an agitator. Other suitablemeans for maintaining the temperature of the desalinated water in thetank 1903 above freezing can be used.

[0261] The tank 1903 comprises at least one of the following: concrete,a plastic, a thermoplastic resin, a thermosetting resin, a polymerizedethylene resin, a polytetrafluoroethylene, a carbon steel, and astainless steel. The stainless steel is selected from the groupconsisting of grade 304 stainless steel and grade 316 stainless steel.

[0262] In an embodiment where the tank 1903 comprises a carbon steel, acladding can be coupled to the first surface 1903 a of the tank 1903.Generally, the cladding is coupled when forming the tank 1903.Alternatively, the cladding can be coupled to the first surface 1903 aof the tank 1903 after the tank 1903 has been formed. Typically, thecladding comprises the stainless steel, including grade 304 stainlesssteel and grade 316 stainless steel. In one embodiment, a sacrificialanode can be coupled to the second surface 1903 b of the tank 1903. Inanother embodiment, an impressed electrical current can be utilized.

[0263] The first and second surfaces 1903 a, 1903 b of the tank 1903 canbe treated with coatings to help maintain the desalinated water fit forhuman consumption. Various national codes and standards specifyparticular coatings for such tanks, such as, for example ANSI/AWWAD102-97. The first surface 1903 a of the tank 1903 comprises a layer(not shown). The layer of the first surface 1903 a comprises a firstlayer, a second layer, and a third layer. In one embodiment, the firstlayer is applied to the first surface 1903 a as a prime coat. The secondlayer is applied to the first layer after the first layer has cured ordried. The third layer is applied to the second layer after the firstlayer has cured or dried. Thus, the second layer is disposed between thefirst and second layers.

[0264] The first layer of the first surface 1903 a is selected from thegroup consisting of a two-component epoxy, a zinc-rich primer, a vinylcoating, a fast-drying coal-tar enamel coating, and a shop-appliedprimer. The second layer of the first surface 1903 a is selected fromthe group consisting of a two-component epoxy, a vinyl resin coating,and a cold-applied coal tar coating. The third layer of the firstsurface 1903 a is selected from the group consisting of a two-componentepoxy, a vinyl resin coating, a hot-applied coal tar enamel, and acold-applied coal tar coating. Alternatively, other suitable compoundsfor the first, second, and third layers of the first surface 1903 a canbe used.

[0265] The second surface 1903 b of the tank 1903 comprises a layer (notshown). The layer of the second surface 1903 b comprises a first layer,a second layer, and a third layer. In one embodiment, the first layer isapplied to the second surface 1903 b as a prime coat. The second layeris applied to the first layer after the first layer has cured or dried.The third layer is applied to the second layer after the first layer hascured or dried. Thus, the second layer is disposed between the first andsecond layers.

[0266] The first layer of the second surface 1903 b is selected from thegroup consisting of a rust-inhibitive pigmented alkyd primer, a vinylcoating, a two-component epoxy, and a zinc-rich primer. Therust-inhibitive pigmented alkyd primer comprises a red iron oxide, azinc oxide, an oil, and an alkyd primer. The second layer of the secondsurface 1903 b is selected from the group comprising a ready-mixedaluminum coating, an alkyd enamel, an alkyd coating, a vinyl coating,and a two-component epoxy. The third layer of the second surface 1903 bis selected from the group comprising a ready-mixed aluminum coating, analkyd enamel, a vinyl coating, and a two-component aliphaticpolyurethane coating. Alternatively, other suitable compounds for thefirst, second, and third layers of the second surface 1903 b can beused.

[0267]FIGS. 17A-17C show embodiments of a method 1701 according to thepresent invention. The method 1701 may be employed to deliverdesalinated water to a land-based distribution system, such as forexample, the system 1330 shown in FIG. 13 and as described above. Itemsshown in FIG. 13 are referred to in describing FIGS. 17A-17C to aidunderstanding of the embodiment of the method 1701 shown. However,embodiments of methods according to the present invention may beemployed in a wide variety of other systems.

[0268] Referring now to FIG. 20A, block 2010 indicates that a firstvessel is provided. The first vessel can be similar to that describedabove. In one embodiment, the first vessel includes a convertedsingle-hull tanker having a dead-weight tonnage in a range between about10,000 tons and 500,000 tons. In another embodiment, the first vesselhas a dwt of between about 30,000 and 50,000. In another embodiment, thefirst vessel 1710 has a dwt of between about 65,000 and 80,000. Inanother embodiment, the first vessel has a dwt of between about 120,000.In another embodiment, the first vessel has a dwt of between about250,000 and 300,000. In other embodiments, the size of the first vesselwill depend on the intended application, the maximum draft to keep thevessel afloat, and on the desired production capacity of the vessel.Alternatively, other suitable vessels can be used.

[0269] The first vessel is operable to produce a permeate and to mix aconcentrate. As described herein, the permeate is produced from rawwater, typically seawater. The permeate generally includes desalinatedwater and the concentrate includes a brine. In one embodiment, themethod 2001 includes providing a reverse osmosis system. Typically, arate of production of the permeate by the first vessel is in a rangebetween approximately 1 million gallons per day and approximately 100million gallons per day. In another embodiment, the first vessel is incontinuous motion with respect to shore. In another embodiment, thefirst vessel is fixed with respect to shore. As described in more detailherein, one embodiment of the method 2001 includes diluting theconcentrate to a level substantially equal to a salinity level of waterproximate to the first vessel.

[0270] Referring again to FIG. 20A, block 2020 indicates that thepermeate is delivered from the first vessel to a land-based distributionsystem. Referring now to FIG. 20B, one embodiment for delivering thepermeate from the first vessel to the land-based distribution system isshown. Block 2022 indicates that the step for delivering the permeatefrom the first vessel to the land-based distribution system includestransferring permeate from the first vessel to a second vessel.

[0271] In another embodiment, the method 2001 can include packaging thepermeate. The permeate can be packaged as described above with referenceto FIG. 13. Alternatively, other methods of packaging the permeate canbe used. Once packaged, the permeate can be transported to shore byvarious methods, including for example, airborne delivery means. Ahelicopter or a seaplane can be used to transport packaged permeate toshore. The first vessel can include a helipad to accommodate thatlanding, loading, and departure of a helicopter.

[0272] In an embodiment, a dead-weight tonnage of the second vessel isin a range between about 10,000 and about 500,000. In one embodiment,the second vessel can be a converted single-hull tanker. In anotherembodiment, the second vessel can be a tug-barge unit. During thetransfer of permeate from the first vessel to the second vessel, boththe first and second vessels can be in motion with respect to shore.Alternatively, the first and second vessels can be substantiallystationary with respect to shore. As described above, the permeate canbe transferred from the first vessel to the second vessel using atransfer line. Using transfer lines to transfer fuel oil between shipsis known. Transferring permeate between vessel can use similarprinciples.

[0273] As shown in FIG. 20B, block 2024 indicates that the step fordelivering the permeate from the first vessel to the land-baseddistribution system includes transporting the permeate disposed in thesecond vessel proximate to the land-based distribution system. Thesecond vessel can travel to a pier or a dock proximate to the shoreunder its own power or with the assistance of a tug or other suitablesupport vessel.

[0274] As shown in FIG. 20B, block 2026 indicates that the step fordelivering the permeate from the first vessel to the land-baseddistribution system includes transferring the permeate from the secondvessel to the land-based distribution system. The permeate can betransferred from the second vessel to the land-based distributionsystem, as described above and with reference to FIG. 13.

[0275] Generally, the permeate is transferred from the second vessel tothe land-based distribution system through a transfer line that is incommunication with a storage tank intake pump. The storage tank intakepump assists in the transfer of permeate to a storage tank.Alternatively, other suitable methods of transferring the permeate fromthe second vessel to the land-based distribution system can be used.

[0276] Referring now to FIG. 20C, an alternate embodiment for deliveringthe permeate from the first vessel to the land-based distribution systemis shown. As indicated by block 2027, the permeate is transferred fromthe first vessel to a pipeline. Transferring the permeate from the firstvessel to the pipeline can be similar to that described above and withreference to FIG. 13.

[0277] For example, in one embodiment, the pipeline can include afloating pipeline spanning a distance from the first vessel or apermanent buoy to shore. In another embodiment, the pipeline can includea sea-floor stabilized pipeline similar to that described above. In yetanother embodiment, the pipeline can include a sea-floor embeddedpipeline similar to that described above with reference to FIG. 13.Alternatively, other suitable pipelines and configurations of pipelinescan be used.

[0278] As indicated by block 2028, the permeate in the pipeline istransported proximate to the land-based distribution system. Thepermeate can be transported in the pipeline similar to that describedabove with reference to FIG. 13. Alternatively, other suitable methodsof transporting the permeate can be used. Generally, a transfer pumpcoupled to the permanent buoy or the first vessel, provides thenecessary pressure to transport the permeate proximate to shore.

[0279] In one embodiment, the method 2001 further comprises providing astorage tank. Generally, the storage tank is disposed on shore andstores the permeate for future transport and/or use. In one embodiment,there may be a plurality of storage tanks. In another embodiment, themethod 501 further comprises communicating a pipeline or a pipelinenetwork with the storage tank. In yet another embodiment, the method1701 further includes communicating a pumping station with the pipelineor the pipeline network. Typically, a combination of a storage tank, apipeline or a pipeline network in communication with the storage tank,and a pumping station in communication with the pipeline or the pipelinenetwork comprises the land-based distribution system. The land-baseddistribution system can be similar to that described above and withreference to FIG. 13. Alternatively, other suitable configurations andarrangements can be used.

[0280] In one embodiment, the method 2001 further comprisescommunicating a chemical feed station to the storage tank. The chemicalfeed station is operable to adjust a plurality of water qualityparameters, such as, for example, pH, corrosion control, andfluoridation. The water can be transported to end-users, such asindustrial or residential users, directly from the storage tank andpipeline network. Alternatively, the water can be transported byproviding a land-based transportation system. In one embodiment, theland-based transportation system can include a railroad or a railroadnetwork. In another embodiment, the land-based transportation system caninclude a tank truck or a trucking network.

[0281]FIG. 21 shows an embodiment of a method 2101 according to thepresent invention. The method 2101 may be employed to provide aid to adisaster-stricken area. Items shown in FIG. 14 are referred to indescribing FIG. 21 to aid understanding of the embodiment of the method2101 shown. However, embodiments of methods according to the presentinvention may be employed in a wide variety of other systems.

[0282] As indicated by block 2110, the method 2101 includes providing afirst vessel having a first tonnage. In one embodiment, the first vesselincludes a converted single-hull tanker having a first tonnage in arange between about 10,000 and 500,000. In another embodiment, the firstvessel has a dwt of between about 30,000 and 50,000. In anotherembodiment, the first vessel has a dwt of between about 65,000 and80,000. In another embodiment, the first vessel has a dwt of betweenabout 120,000. In another embodiment, the first vessel has a dwt ofbetween about 250,000 and 250,000. In other embodiments, the size of thefirst vessel will depend on the intended application, the minimum draftto keep the vessel afloat, and on the desired production capacity of thevessel. Alternatively, other suitable vessels can be used, includingthose similar to that described above with reference to FIGS. 13-16.

[0283] The first vessel is operable to produce desalinated water.Generally, the first vessel includes a reverse osmosis system operableto produce desalinated water at a rate in a range between approximately1 million gallons per day and approximately 100 million gallons per day.In one embodiment, the first vessel is in continuous motion with respectto shore. Alternatively, the first vessel is stationary with respect toshore. The desalinated water can be produced using methods and apparatussimilar to that described above. Other suitable methods for producingdesalinated water can be used.

[0284] In another embodiment, the method 2101 includes packaging thedesalinated water. For example, the first vessel can include a packagingplant. Generally, the method 2101 includes providing a store of disasterrelief provisions, such as for example, food, medicine, and clothing.

[0285] As indicated by block 2120, the method 2101 of providing aid to adisaster-stricken area also includes delivering the desalinated water toshore. In one embodiment, the method 2101 includes providing a secondvessel operable to receive the desalinated water from the first vesseland to deliver the desalinated water to shore. The second vesselincludes a second tonnage. Typically, the second tonnage is less thanthe first tonnage. The second tonnage can be in a range between about10,000 and 500,000 dwt. Other suitable vessels can be used, such asthose similar to that described above.

[0286] In one embodiment, the second vessel is operable to receive thedesalinated water from the first vessel while the first and secondvessels are in motion with respect to shore. Alternatively, the secondvessel can receive the desalinated water from the first vessel while thefirst and second vessels are substantially stationary with respect toshore. The means of transferring desalinated water from the first vesselto the second vessel can be similar to that described above.Alternatively, other suitable means for transferring desalinated waterbetween the first and second vessels can be used. Once the desiredamount of desalinated water has been received by the second vessel, thesecond vessel can transport the desalinated water proximate to shore fordistribution to the disaster-stricken area.

[0287] As disaster-stricken areas often lack or have compromisedland-based distribution systems, an alternate method 2120 of deliveringdesalinated water to shore includes providing an airborne vehicle.Disaster-stricken areas are often accessible only by air. In oneembodiment, the airborne vehicle includes a helicopter. In anotherembodiment, the airborne vehicle includes a seaplane. The airbornevehicle is operable to transport packaged desalinated water as well asthe disaster-relief provisions. Other alternate methods of deliveringthe desalinated water include simply throwing packaged desalinated wateroverboard. The packaged water can float to shore or be collected byother vessels.

[0288] In the case of a helicopter, the helicopter is operable totransport several discrete packages or to transport pallets of thepackaged desalinated water. In one embodiment, the first vessel caninclude a helipad to facilitate the flight operations and capabilitiesof the helicopter. Typically, there can be a plurality of airbornevehicles. The airborne vehicles can originate from shore or othervessels.

[0289] The method 2101 includes providing a plurality of supportvessels. The support vessels are operable to provide the first vesselwith one or more of the following: fuel, supplies and provisions, repairand replacement materials and equipment, personnel, and airliftcapabilities.

[0290]FIG. 22 shows an embodiment of a method 2201 according to thepresent invention. The method 2201 may be employed to mitigateenvironmental impacts of desalinating water. Items shown in FIG. 16 arereferred to in describing FIG. 22 to aid understanding of the embodimentof the method 1901 shown. However, embodiments of methods according tothe present invention may be employed in a wide variety of othersystems.

[0291] The process of desalinating water produces a permeate and aconcentrate. Block 2210 indicates that the method 2201 includes dilutinga concentrate. The total dissolved solids of the diluted concentrate isbetween the total dissolved solids of the concentrate and the totaldissolved solids of the native water. Generally, the concentrate ismixed with water taken directly from the surrounding body of water (i.e.“native water”) before discharging the concentrate to the water of themaritime environment in which the vessel is operating. As indicated byblock 2220, the method also includes regulating a temperature of theconcentrate substantially equal to a temperature of the water proximatethe area of the concentrate discharge.

[0292] In one embodiment, the method 2201 includes providing a mixingtank. Generally, the mixing tank is disposed in a volume of a vessel. Asdescribed in more detail above, the mixing tank is operable to mix theconcentrate with native water prior to discharging the concentrate intothe water of the maritime environment in which the vessel is operating.In an embodiment, the mixing tank is similar to that described hereinand with reference to FIG. 9. Alternatively, other suitable mixing tankscan be used.

[0293] In one embodiment, the method 2201 includes dispersing theconcentrate. Generally, the concentrate is dispersed as it is dischargedinto the water of the maritime environment in which the vessel isoperating. The method 2201 further includes providing a grate. In oneembodiment, the method 1901 includes providing a grate. In anotherembodiment, the method 2201 further comprises disposing a plurality ofdivergently-oriented apertures in the grate. The concentrate dispersingmeans can be similar to that described above. In yet another embodiment,the method 2201 further comprises providing the grate with a pluralityof apertures and disposing a plurality of protrusions in the pluralityof apertures. In an embodiment, the grate is configured as describedabove and with reference to FIGS. 5A and 5B. Alternatively, the gratecan be configured in other suitable alternate means.

[0294] In one embodiment, the method 2201 includes discharging theconcentrate from a plurality of locations. The method 2201 can includeproviding a concentrate discharge member. The method 2201 can alsoinclude providing a plurality of orifices disposed in the concentratedischarge member. For example, the discharge member can extend from thevessel and a plurality of orifices disposed in the discharge member. Thedischarge member can also include a plurality of discharge tubes, eachone of the tubes extending to a different depth.

[0295] The discharge member can include a floating hose, which generallyextends from the main deck of the vessel and into the water. Thedischarge member can further include a catenary. Other alternate methodsof discharging the concentrate can be as that described above.Furthermore, other suitable methods of discharging the concentrate canbe used.

[0296] In one embodiment, the method 2201 includes reducing a level ofoperating noise. The method 2201 can include providing a plurality ofpiping encasements. In another embodiment, the method includes providinga plurality of dampening members. Other methods for mitigatingenvironmental impacts of a desalination system of a vessel on a maritimeenvironment can be similar to those methods, systems, and apparatus, asdescribed herein. Alternatively, other suitable methods can be used.

[0297] Referring now to FIG. 24, an embodiment of a method 2401according to the present invention is shown. The method 2401 may beemployed to transfer electricity to a land-based distribution system,such as for example, the system 1701 shown in FIG. 17 and as describedabove. Items shown in FIG. 17 are referred to in describing FIG. 24 toaid understanding of the embodiment of the method 2401 shown. However,embodiments of methods according to the present inventions may beemployed in a wide variety of other systems.

[0298] As shown by block 2410, the method 2410 comprises providing avessel operable to generate energy is provided. The vessel can be asthat described above. In one embodiment, the vessel comprises adead-weight tonnage in a range between about 10,000 and 500,000.Alternatively, other suitable vessels can be provided.

[0299] Generally, the vessel is operable to generate electricity in arange between about 10 megawatts and 100 megawatts. Typically, thevessel comprises a supply transformer, a motor, a frequency converter,and a motor control. The frequency converter is operable to control aspeed and a torque of the motor. In another embodiment, the vesselcomprises a fuel cell. Alternatively, other suitable means of energyproduction can be used.

[0300] Where the vessel is powered by fossil fuels, the vessel caninclude means to mitigate the environmental consequences of burning suchfuel. For example, in one embodiment, the method 2410 comprises cleaningan exhaust from the vessel. In another embodiment, the method 2410comprises providing a scrubber. In an alternate embodiment, the method2410 comprises providing a particulate filter. Alternatively, othersuitable means for cleaning pollutants from the vessel can be provided.

[0301] As shown in block 2420, the method 2410 comprises transferringthe energy from the vessel to a land-based distribution system.Transferring the energy from the vessel can be as that described aboveand with reference to FIG. 17. Alternatively, other suitable methods oftransferring energy from the vessel can be used. The land-baseddistribution system can be similar to that described above and withreference to FIG. 17. Alternatively, other suitable land-baseddistribution systems can be used.

[0302] As described above, the equipment for transferring energy fromthe vessel is generally shore-based, and is configured by the localpower authority to its specific grid configuration and specifications.In one embodiment, the method 2410 comprises synchronizing the energyfrom the vessel to the land-based distribution system. The step ofsynchronizing the energy from the vessel to the land-based distributionsystem comprises stepping-up a voltage from the vessel to a voltagesubstantially equal to the land-based distribution system and providinga second converter operable to synchronize the energy from the vesselwith the land-based distribution system. Other suitable methods forsynchronizing the energy from the vessel to the land-based distributionsystem can be used, including those methods and systems described above.Alternatively, other suitable methods for synchronizing the energy fromthe vessel to the land-based distribution system can be used.

[0303] Referring now to FIG. 25, an embodiment of a method 2501according to the present invention is shown. The method 2501 may beemployed to deliver desalinated water and to transfer electricity toland-based distribution systems, such as for example, the system 1801shown in FIG. 18 and as described above. Items shown in FIG. 18 arereferred to in describing FIG. 25 to aid understanding of the embodimentof the method 2501 shown. However, embodiments of methods according tothe present inventions may be employed in a wide variety of othersystems.

[0304] As shown by block 2510, the method 2410 comprises providing avessel operable to produce desalinated water and to generateelectricity. The vessel can be as that described above. In oneembodiment, the vessel comprises a dead-weight tonnage in a rangebetween about 10,000 and 500,000. Alternatively, other suitable vesselscan be provided. Typically, the vessel is operable to producedesalinated water in a range between about 1 million and 100 milliongallons per day. Generally, the vessel is operable to generateelectricity in a range between about 10 megawatts and 100 megawatts.Alternatively, other suitable vessels can be used.

[0305] Typically, the vessel comprises a supply transformer, a motor, afrequency converter, and a motor control. The frequency converter isoperable to control a speed and a torque of the motor. In anotherembodiment, the vessel comprises a fuel cell. Alternatively, othersuitable means of energy production can be used.

[0306] Where the vessel is powered by fossil fuels, the vessel caninclude means to mitigate the environmental consequences of burning suchfuel. For example, in one embodiment, the method 2510 comprises cleaningan exhaust from the vessel. In another embodiment, the method 2510comprises providing a scrubber. In an alternate embodiment, the method2510 comprises providing a particulate filter. Alternatively, othersuitable means for cleaning pollutants from the vessel can be provided.

[0307] As shown in block 2520, the method 2510 comprises delivering thedesalinated water produced by the vessel to a land-based waterdistribution network. The land-based water distribution network can beas that described above and with reference to FIG. 18. Alternatively,other suitable water distribution networks can be used.

[0308] As shown in block 2530, the method 2510 comprises transferringthe electricity generated by the vessel to a land-based electricaldistribution system. Transferring the energy from the vessel can be asthat described above and with reference to FIG. 18. Alternatively, othersuitable methods of transferring energy from the vessel can be used. Theland-based electrical distribution system can be similar to thatdescribed above and with reference to FIG. 18. Alternatively, othersuitable land-based electrical distribution systems can be used.

[0309] As described above, the equipment for transferring energy fromthe vessel is generally shore-based, and is configured by the localpower authority to its specific grid configuration and specifications.In one embodiment, the method 2510 comprises synchronizing the energyfrom the vessel to the land-based electrical distribution system. Thestep of synchronizing the energy from the vessel to the land-basedelectrical distribution system comprises stepping-up a voltage from thevessel to a voltage substantially equal to the land-based distributionsystem and providing a second converter operable to synchronize theenergy from the vessel with the land-based electrical distributionsystem. Other suitable methods for synchronizing the energy from thevessel to the land-based electrical distribution system can be used,including those methods and systems described above. Alternatively,other suitable methods for synchronizing the energy from the vessel tothe land-based electrical distribution system can be used.

[0310] Referring now to FIG. 26, a method 2601 according to anembodiment of the present invention is shown. The method 2601 may beemployed to produce and store Items shown in FIG. 19 are referred to indescribing FIG. 26 to aid understanding of the embodiment of the method2601 shown. However, embodiments of methods according to the presentinventions may be employed in a wide variety of other systems.

[0311] As shown by block 2610, the method 2601 comprises producingdesalinated water. The desalinated water can be produced using systemsand methods as described above. Generally, the desalinated water isproduced by a ship-board desalination system. Alternatively, thedesalinated water can be produced by other suitable means.

[0312] As shown by block 2620, the method 2601 comprises storing thedesalinated water in a tank. The tank is disposed in the hull of avessel. The hull comprises a first surface and a second surface. Thetank comprises a first surface and a second surface. The second surfaceof the tank is separated from the first surface of the hull. The hulland the tank can be as that described above with reference to FIG. 19.

[0313] In one embodiment of the method 2601, the first surface of thehull comprises an interior surface of the vessel and the second surfaceof the hull comprises an exterior surface of the vessel. Where there isdesalinated water in the tank, the first surface of the tank is disposedproximate to the desalinated water. Alternatively, the first surface ofthe tank is in communication with the desalinated water. Generally, thesecond surface of the tank is separated from the interior surface of thehull by a distance, the distance being greater than or equal to abouttwo meters. In another embodiment, the distance can be less than abouttwo meters. Generally, the hull and the tank form a double-hull vessel.Alternatively, other suitable hull and tank can be used.

[0314] Typically, the tank comprises at least one of the following: aplastic, a thermoplastic resin, a thermosetting resin, a polymerizedethylene resin, a polytetrafluoroethylene, a carbon steel, and astainless steel. The stainless steel is selected from the groupconsisting of grade 304 stainless steel and grade 316 stainless steel.In one embodiment, the method 2601 comprises coupling a cladding to thefirst surface of the tank. The cladding generally comprises thestainless steel. In another embodiment, the method 2601 comprisescoupling a sacrificial anode to the second surface of the tank. In analternate embodiment, the first and second surfaces of the tank eachcomprise a layer. The layer comprises a first layer, a second layer, anda third layer. The layers can be as that described above and withreference to FIG. 19. Alternatively, other suitable layers can be used.

[0315] In one embodiment, the method 2601 comprises maintaining atemperature of the desalinated water disposed in the tank abovefreezing. The method 2601 can include disposing insulation between thesecond surface of the tank and the first surface of the hull. The method2601 can also include heating a space between the second surface of thetank and the first surface of the hull. Alternatively, other methods formaintaining the temperature of the desalinated water disposed in thetank above freezing can be used, including those systems and methodsdescribed above.

[0316] The systems, methods, and devices described above can be combinedto provide a flotilla or fleet of vessels with varying functions, suchas vessels that exclusively produce electricity and vessels thatdesalinate water. In such a fleet, the individual vessels can supportone another. For example, the electric-producing vessel can provide orsupplement the energy needs of the desalinated-water producing vessel.Additionally, the fleet can also include vessels to store and transportthe desalinated water to shore or to other vessels. Such a fleet canprovide multiple services (as well as relief to areas suffering fromwater and/or energy shortages) to shore-based areas. Of course, theindividual vessels can also include multiple functions, such as waterproduction, energy production, and/or water storage. In one embodiment,electrical power can be supplied to a vessel from ashore by, forexample, buried cable, such that the vessel does not need its own powerplant.

[0317] While the present invention has been disclosed with reference tocertain embodiments, numerous modifications, alterations, and changes tothe described embodiments are possible without departing from the sphereand scope of the present invention, as defined in the appended claims.Accordingly, it is intended that the present invention not be limited tothe described embodiments, but that it has the full scope defined by thelanguage of the following claims, and equivalents thereof.

What is claimed is:
 1. A vessel comprising: a water purification systemcomprising: a water intake system comprising a water intake and a waterintake pump, wherein the water intake is operable to be disposed above athermocline region within a body of water; a reverse osmosis system; aconcentrate discharge system comprising a plurality of concentratedischarge ports; a permeate transfer system; a power source; and acontrol system, wherein the reverse osmosis system is in communicationwith the water intake system, the concentrate discharge system and thepermeate transfer system are in communication with the reverse osmosissystem, the power source is in communication with the water intakesystem, the reverse osmosis system, and the permeate transfer system,and the control system is in communication with the water intake system,the reverse osmosis system, the concentrate discharge system, thepermeate transfer system, and the power source; and wherein theconcentrate discharge system comprises a member operable to extend fromthe vessel within or below the thermocline region.
 2. The vessel ofclaim 1, wherein the concentrate discharge system further comprises anaspirator suitable for drawing water into the discharge member from thesurrounding body of water for mixing and subsequent dilution of theconcentrate before the concentrate is discharged though a plurality ofdischarge ports.
 3. The vessel of claim 1, wherein the water intakecomprises a sea chest.
 4. A vessel comprising: a water purificationsystem comprising: a water intake system comprising a water intake and awater intake pump; a reverse osmosis system; a concentrate dischargesystem comprising a plurality of concentrate discharge ports, whereinthe concentrate discharge ports are operable to discharge concentrateabove a thermocline region of a surrounding body of water; a permeatetransfer system comprising a transfer pump; a power source; and acontrol system, wherein the reverse osmosis system is in communicationwith the water intake system, the concentrate discharge system and thepermeate transfer system are in communication with the reverse osmosissystem, the power source is in communication with the water intakesystem, the reverse osmosis system, and the permeate transfer system,and the control system is in communication with the water intake system,the reverse osmosis system, the concentrate discharge system, thepermeate transfer system, and the power source; and wherein the waterintake system comprises a member operable to extend from the vessel intoor below the thermocline region.
 5. The vessel of claim 4, wherein theconcentrate discharge system further comprises an aspirator suitable fordrawing water into the discharge member from the surrounding body ofwater for mixing and subsequent dilution of the concentrate before theconcentrate is discharged though a plurality of discharge ports.
 6. Avessel comprising: a water purification system comprising a water intakesystem comprising a water intake and a water intake pump; a reverseosmosis system; a concentrate discharge system comprising a plurality ofconcentrate discharge ports; a permeate transfer system; a power source;and a control system, wherein the reverse osmosis system is incommunication with the water intake system, the concentrate dischargesystem and the permeate transfer system are in communication with thereverse osmosis system, the power source is in communication with thewater intake system, the reverse osmosis system, and the permeatetransfer system, and the control system is in communication with thewater intake system, the reverse osmosis system, the concentratedischarge system, the permeate transfer system, and the power source;and wherein the water intake system is operable to intake water into thewater purification system at a depth that reduces intake of planktoninto the water purification system.
 7. A method for producing a permeateon a floating structure comprising: intaking water through a waterintake system comprising a water intake, wherein the water intake isdisposed above a thermocline region of a body of water surrounding afloating structure; supplying the water to a water purification system;filtering the water to produce a permeate and a concentrate; dischargingthe concentrate into the surrounding body of water through a concentratedischarge system comprising a discharge member comprising a plurality ofconcentrate discharge ports, wherein the plurality of concentratedischarge ports is disposed within or below the thermocline region. 8.The method of claim 7 further comprising the step of drawing water intothe discharge member from the surrounding body of water as theconcentrate passes through the discharge member.
 9. A method forproducing a permeate on a floating structure comprising: intaking waterthrough a water intake system comprising a water intake member extendingfrom the hull of the floating structure, wherein the water intake membercomprises a water intake disposed above a thermocline region in a bodyof water surrounding a floating structure; supplying the water to awater purification system; filtering the water to produce a permeate anda concentrate; discharging the concentrate into the surrounding body ofwater through a concentrate discharge system comprising a dischargemember comprising a plurality of concentrate discharge ports, whereinthe plurality of concentrate discharge ports is disposed within or belowthe thermocline region.
 10. The method of claim 9 further comprising thestep of drawing water into the discharge member from the surroundingbody of water as the concentrate passes through the discharge member.11. A method for producing a permeate on a floating structurecomprising: intaking water through a water intake system comprising awater intake member extending from the hull of the floating structure,wherein the water intake member comprises a water intake disposed withinor below a thermocline region in a body of water surrounding a floatingstructure; supplying the water to a water purification system; filteringthe water to produce a permeate and a concentrate; discharging theconcentrate into the surrounding body of water through a concentratedischarge system comprising a plurality of concentrate discharge ports,wherein the plurality of concentrate discharge ports is disposed abovethe thermocline region.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein theconcentrate discharge system comprises a discharge member comprising aplurality of concentrate discharge ports.
 13. The method of claim 12,further comprising the step of drawing water into the discharge memberfrom the surrounding body of water as the concentrate passes through thedischarge member.
 14. A method for producing a permeate on a floatingstructure comprising: intaking water through a water intake systemcomprising a water intake, wherein the water intake is disposed at adepth below 10 meters; supplying the water to a water purificationsystem; filtering the water to produce a permeate and a concentrate;discharging the concentrate into the surrounding body of water through aconcentrate discharge system comprising a plurality of concentratedischarge ports.